Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a fungal disease that affects cereals and is capable of producing mycotoxins, creating health concerns. In southern Brazil, FHB of wheat is caused by the Fusarium graminearum species complex that produces mainly deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) mycotoxins. There is a need for research-based information on how different contamination levels affect these mycotoxins' distribution in the milling process. The objective of this study was to analyze the Fusarium mycotoxin distribution within each milled fraction, extracted from wheat lots artificially contaminated with a crescent gradient of mycotoxins. Wheat samples produced in 2013 season in Southern Brazil region were obtained from plots of breeding program. The wheat samples were artificially contaminated with residues of cleaning and pre-cleaning process, including light and shriveled grains, obtained from a Fusarium nursery screening plot. Pilot-scale milled wheat fractions were collected, comprising finished flour and bran. The Fusarium mycotoxin content was determined by chromatography (UHPLC-MS/MS). The results obtained show that DON presented exponential growth relative to the initial levels of mycotoxin in wheat milled fractions (finished flour and bran). The DON concentration was significativelly higher in bran, when compared with milled wheat and finished flour, in the DON levels lower than 1000 mg kg À1. The finished flour presented lower DON levels when compared with milled wheat, but this reduction was inadequate, to meet the current regulation limits for food.
A food fraud and adulteration review was conducted based on scientific literature in Brazil. Milk and its products were the main targets of food fraud and adulterations. Food fraud and adulteration causes and suggestions for good practice are presented. The results can be used to analyze food safety and protect consumer rights.
Please cite this article as: Tibola C.S., Cunha Fernandes J.M. & Guarienti E.M., Effect of cleaning, sorting and milling processes in wheat mycotoxin content, Food Control (2015), Abstract 12Mycotoxins are a ubiquitous contaminant and are difficult to prevent or to diminish; it is, therefore, 13 important to establish the contributions of processing steps to eliminating mycotoxins in the 14 production of safer foods. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of wheat 15 cleaning, sorting, and milling processes on Fusarium mycotoxin distribution in two naturally 16 contaminated wheat cultivars. The study focused on evaluating the effects of first-stage processing 17 methods, cleaning, and gravity separator, on wheat mycotoxin content. The distribution of 18Fusarium mycotoxins was analyzed after two milling processes. Firstly, a Laboratory Mill 3100 was 19 used to obtain the whole milled wheat. Secondly, a pilot-scale mill Quadrumat Senior was used to 20 get wheat milled fractions (finished flour and bran). Wheat samples (BRS Parrudo and BRS 374) 21 were collected during the 2014 season that were highly vulnerable to Fusarium outbreaks in 22 Southern Brazil. Fusarium toxin (DON, 3-ADON, 15-ADON, NIV, and ZON) levels were determined 23 for all milled fractions via chromatography (UHPLC-MS/MS). The cleaning and sorting methods 24 employed post-harvest significantly reduced the mycotoxin content in wheat. The reduction of 25 mycotoxin was progressive through each processing method, and the gravity separator equipment 26 resulted in the lowest contamination levels in products intended for human consumption for both 27cultivars. Through the milling process, the DON contamination in finished flour was significantly 28 lower than in milled wheat; however, there were no significant differences in contamination 29 between the milled wheat and bran. The cleaning and sorting methods for both wheat cultivars 30 generated safer foods when compared with unsorted wheat samples (BRS Parrudo and BRS 374).
Fusarium head blight of wheat is caused by the Fusarium species that produces mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON). The distribution of DON in wheat products can lead to high economic and health impacts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the natural distribution of DON in the wheat milling process and wheat-based products, as well as the daily intake estimates for the Southern Brazilian population. The fractions of wheat grains (milled wheat, finished flour and bran) were produced in a mill. Additionally, wheat-derived products, such as pasta, bread and crackers were analyzed. The bran fraction had the highest mean concentration of DON (2278 μg kg −1), followed by milled wheat and finished flour (1895 μg kg −1 and 1305 μg kg −1). The distribution factor in the finished flour (69%) fraction demonstrates that DON was reduced when compared to milled wheat, by contrast of bran fraction that presents higher DON levels (120%). A percentage of 35% bran, 35% finished flour and 30% milled wheat samples would not be in compliance with future Brazilian regulations for DON levels. From the wheat-based products analyzed, 17% of whole bread and 10% of salted cracker products were contaminated with DON, with a median of 437 μg kg −1 and 624 μg kg −1 , respectively. The finished flour was the fraction that most contributes to the daily intake of DON in Southern Brazil, representing 89.6% of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake.
The use of near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) for detecting sprout damage in wheat kernels was investigated. Experiments were carried out to determine which spectral bands had the best potential for discriminating between sound and sprouted kernels. Two wavelengths were selected and combined into an index that was used to indicate the presence or absence of sprouting. Experiments with three wheat cultivars revealed that the proposed method is effective in identifying kernels for which the germination process has initiated, achieving 100% accuracy for the samples used in this study. It was also observed an imperfect correlation with the Falling Number (grain quality), making it challenging to accurately determine the degree of germination, especially if sprouts are not yet clearly visible. These results confirm the usefulness of the near-infrared spectral range for detecting chemical alterations in wheat kernels, as well as the fact that most information is usually contained in a few specific bands within such range.
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar agronomicamente o sistema de produção integrada (PI) x produção convencional (PC) em pomar de pessegueiro cv. Diamante, no município de Pelotas - RS, comparando-se dados de três anos de avaliação (1999 - 2001), em duas áreas distintas. Os sistemas de produção caracterizaram-se: PC no qual prevalece o manejo e práticas culturais utilizadas normalmente pelo produtor e PI no qual são utilizadas as práticas de manejo definidas nas "Normas para Produção Integrada de Pêssego". As avaliações compreenderam: produção total, classificação dos frutos, danos, análises pós-colheita e resíduos de agrotóxicos. Pela análise da produção por planta e número de frutas produzidas por planta, pode-se verificar que a produção foi maior na PI. Pela avaliação da qualidade das frutas, verificou-se que houve aumento no número de frutas na categoria I, no sistema PI. A ocorrência de danos na colheita por insetos, doenças, pássaros e, muitas vezes, pela interação destes foi maior no sistema PC. Pela análise de agrotóxicos na polpa das frutas, não foram encontrados resíduos nas mesmas, dentro dos limites máximos estabelecidos. As frutas do sistema PI apresentaram, na colheita, maiores firmeza da polpa e teor de acidez, e menor teor de sólidos solúveis totais.
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