Posterior hypospadias was the most common anomaly in this study. It was associated with a high rate of extra urogenital anomalies, and physical and psychosocial disabilities. The significance of the latter findings with respect to the development of affected patients needs further clarification.

Intussusception is a common cause of abdominal pain in children. Although most cases are idiopathic, about 10% of cases have a pathologic lead point. Burkitt's lymphoma is not a common etiology. Burkitt's lymphoma might present primarily as intussusception in children but has rarely been associated with appendicitis. We report a case in which a 10-year-old obese boy who initially presented with acute appendicitis due to ileocolic intussusception with appendiceal invagination. He underwent one-trocar laparoscopy and antibiotic treatment. The symptoms recurred 10 days after discharge. Colonoscopy disclosed ileocecal Burkitt's lymphoma as the pathological lead point. This case emphasizes the importance of the age of the patient and the anatomic location of the intussusception related to possible etiology, and hence the most appropriate surgical procedure.

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The incidence of postoperative cholangitis has changed very little despite progressive improvement in the treatment of biliary atresia. The role of the bilioenteric conduit in its pathogenesis is still uncertain. A retrospective study of 39 patients undergoing either a conventional Kasai operation (group 1, n = 20) or with placement of an antireflux valve (group 2, n = 10) or lengthening (group 3, n = 9) of the jejunal conduit from 40 to 60 cm was performed to compare the incidence of cholangitis. Postoperative cholangitis developed in 18 of the 39 patients (46%). The incidence was 10/20 (50%) in group 1, 5/10 (50%) in group 2, and 3/9 (33%) in group 3 (P = 0.679). An animal experiment was conducted concomitantly to compare quantitative bacterial cultures of the bilioenteric anastomosis and the liver before and 1 week after Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (HPJ) in piglets without (group A, 25 cm) and with (group B, 50 cm) lengthening of the jejunal conduit in a porcine model of extrahepatic biliary obstruction. The growth of bacteria in both the bilioenteric anastomosis and the liver was not affected by lengthening the jejunal conduit from 25 to 50 cm (P = 0.612 and 0. 057, respectively), despite a geometric increase in bacterial concentrations in both groups after HPJ. It is concluded that neither bacterial growth in the liver nor cholangitis following bile-duct reconstruction was affected by valving or lengthening the bilioenteric conduit.

Lateral heterojunctions based on two dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) potentially realize monolayer devices exploiting 2D electronic structures and the functions introduced by the presence of 1D heterointerfaces. Electronic structures of a lateral MoSe2-WSe2 junction have been unveiled using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. A smooth and narrow depletion region exists despite a defect-rich heterointerface deviating from the preferred zigzag orientations of the TMDC lattice. From the characteristics of the depletion region, a high carrier concentration and high internal electric fields are inferred, offering to benefit designs of lateral TMDC devices.

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