The subionospheric VLF/LF propagation is extensively used to investigate the lower ionospheric perturbation in possible association with earthquakes. An extensive period of data over 7 yr from January 2001 to December 2007 and a combination of different propagation paths in and around Japan are used to examine the statistical correlation between the VLF/LF propagation anomaly (average nighttime amplitude, dispersion, and nighttime fluctuation) and earthquakes with magnitude >6.0. It is then found that the propagation anomaly exceeding the 2σ (standard deviation) criterion indicating the presence of ionospheric perturbation is significantly correlated with earthquakes with shallow depth (<40 km). Finally, the mechanism of seismoionospheric perturbations is discussed.

Abstract.A superimposed epoch analysis has been undertaken, in order to find the correlation of the ionospheric perturbations with seismic activity. We take the wave path from the Japanese LF transmitter (frequency=40 kHz) and an observing station of Kochi (wave path length of 770 km), and a much longer period (of five years) than before, is considered. This subionospheric LF propagation can be called "an integrated measurement" in the sense that any earthquakes in the LF sensitive area just around the great-circle path can influence the observed LF signals, so that we define the "effective magnitude" (Meff) by integrating the total energy from different earthquakes in the sensitive area on a current day and by converting it back into magnitude. A superimposed epoch analysis for the effective magnitude greater than 6.0 has yielded that the ionosphere is definitely disturbed in terms of both amplitude and dispersion, and that these perturbations tend to take place prior to an earthquake. The statistical z-test has also been performed, which has indicated that the amplitude is definitely depleted 2-6 days before the earthquake day and also that the dispersion is very much enhanced during the same period. This statistical study has given strong support to the existence of seismo-ionospheric perturbations for high seismic activity.

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The nonlinear optical coefficients of AlN have been determined as ‖d33‖= (23.2±35%) dQ11 and ‖d31‖ ≲0.04‖d33‖ for the c-plate film and for a fundamental beam at 1.064 μm. The result is discussed with reference to the bond-charge model.

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Abstract. Surface Latent Heat Flux (SLHF) is an atmospheric parameter proportional to the evaporation from the Earth's surface. SLHF has been found to exhibit an anomalous behavior in the epicentral region prior to several coastal earthquakes. Sub-ionospheric low frequency (LF) radio sounding measurements have shown its potentiality for the short-term earthquake forecasting since the last decade. The anomalous SLHF and nighttime LF sub-ionospheric signals are found to show complementary nature associated with the large Tokachi-Oki earthquake of 25 September 2003. Such complementary nature of parameters may prove to be potential in providing early warning information about an impending earthquake.