Background: SNEDDS was chosen because of the ability to increase the absorption of drugs with low water solubility such as active substances derived from plant extraction. Objectives: This study aimed to create an innovative dosage by utilizing new drug delivery systems in the form of SNEDDS (Self Nano-emulsifying Drug Delivery System) using the active substances of papaya leaf extract (Carica Papaya L.) that is efficacious as an anti-inflammatory. Methods: SNEDDS of Papaya (Carica papaya extract L.) was prepared through the high-energy method. Dried papaya leaves were macerated using 96% ethanol, and the extract was then evaporated using a rotary evaporator to obtain viscous extract. Four formulations of SNEDDS were produced with isopropyl myristate as the oil phase, PEG 400 as the surfactant, and tween 80 as the co-surfactant. The evaluation included particle size, % transmittance, and freeze-thaw cycles. In vivo SNEDDS antiinflammatory activity was tested in balb-c mice induced with 1% acetic acid and then compared with mefenamic acid (NSAIDs). Results: The test results showed that all of the formulations had a particle size of <200nm and >90% transmittance. The SNEDDS anti-inflammatory activity test in vivo indicated that the percent inhibition of pain in SNEDDS of papaya leaf extract reached 94.55%. Conclusion:The SNEDDS formula of papaya leaf extract marked by F4 could fulfill the criteria of good stability parameters with the smallest particle size of 77.1 nm. The percent of pain inhibition of SNEDDS papaya leaf extract in balb-c mice induced by acetic acid was 94.55%.
Based on the 2017 IDHS survey, most adolescent women (80%) and men (84%) reported dating. The 15-17 years is the age group when adolescents start dating. Teenage dating activities lead to sexual behavior, such as holding hands, hugging, kissing lips, touching sensitive parts, and having sex. This study aims to determine the influence of the background characteristics of adolescents (age, area of residence, level of education) and social patterns (having friends having premarital sex, having the urge because of friends, influencing friends to have premarital sex, considering virginity important) on the incidence of premarital sex in Central Kalimantan 2017. Secondary data were obtained from the 2017 IDHS survey. Data analysis was performed by univariate, bivariate (Spearman rho test), and multivariate (logistic regression test). The results showed that 88% of respondents had sexual behavior orientation, and 12% did not. The correlation analysis explains a significant relationship between premarital sexual behavior and the area of residence. Respondents who live in cities are 3.47 times more likely to commit premarital sexual behavior (α<0,05 = 0,021; OR = 3.47). In addition, there is sufficient evidence to suggest a relationship between premarital sexual behavior and education level, respondents who attend high school and above are 2.71 times more likely to have premarital sexual behavior (α<0,10 = 0,066; OR = 2.71). Meanwhile, other variables from background characteristics and social patterns have no significant relationship/do not influence premarital sexual behavior. So it can be concluded that the background characteristics in the area of residence (Sig Wald <0.0) have a significant partial effect on adolescents' incidence of premarital sexual behavior in Central Kalimantan.
Levofloksasin merupakan antibiotik yang digunakan dalam terapi Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) dengan prevalensi cukup tinggi di Indonesia. Sodium starch glycolate (SSG) merupakan eksipien yang berfungsi sebagai disintegran. SSG direkomendasikan dalam formula tablet dengan konsentrasi 1-4% karena konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi dapat mengurangi kemampuan disintegrasinya. Kinetika pelepasan obat memiliki nilai yang sangat penting dalam pengembangan dan kontrol kualitas obat. Perubahan kualitatif dan kuantitatif eksipien dalam formula dapat mengubah kinetika pelepasan dan kinerja in-vivo. Peneliltian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan studi perbandingan kinetika pelepasan obat pada tablet levofloksasin yang diformulasikan menggunakan berbagai konsentrasi SSG. Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa konsentrasi SSG 1,33-5,33% dalam formula tidak memberikan perbedaan model kinetika pelepasan obat. Hal ini terlihat dari nilai f1 (3,12-8,50) dan f2 (56,16-77,43) yang berada pada rentang kriteria. Tablet levofloksasin Immediate-release (IR) yang diformulasikan, mengikuti pemodelan First-Order kinetik dengan kriteria nilai R2_adj tertinggi, MSE dan AIC terkecil, serta MSC terbesar dibandingkan dengan model kinetika lainnya. Pemodelan menggunakan Korsmeyer-Peppas memperlihatkan bahwa mekanisme transport dari tablet levofloksasin mengikuti persamaan Fickian semu (n<0,5) sehingga menggambarkan pelepasan obat dari matriks non-swellable.
Swamedikasi diartikan sebagai pemilihan dan pemanfaatan obat-obatan untuk mengobati gejala atau penyakit yang dikenali sendiri. Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah memiliki prevalensi swamedikasi yang tinggi yaitu 89,46%. Peningkatan minat masyarakat terhadap swamedikasi meningkat karena pandemi COVID-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat gambaran penjualan obat swamedikasi di Apotek Karomah saat pandemi COVID- 19 berlangsung. Pengumpulan data penjualan dilakukan dengan melihat pada SIM (Sistem Informasi Management) berbasis computer pada Juli – Agustus 2021. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa tiga besar penjualan berdasarkan jenis obat di Apotek Karomah berupa Batuk&Flu sebanyak 1956 item (24,48%), Jamu&Minuman sebanyak 1482 item (18,55%), dan Alkes sebanyak 993 item (12,43%). Penjualan sepuluh besar (Top 10) berdasarkan item/ merk obat ditempati oleh komix batuk sebanyak 1236 item, madu TJ sebanyak 718 item, dan masker sebanyak 554 item. Total omzet penjualan pada Bulan Juli adalah Rp 49.068.000,- dan terlihat menurun pada Bulan Agustus Rp 43.944.000,-. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pandemi COVID-19 memberikan dampak penjualan obat swamedikasi di Apotek Karomah Kota Palangka Raya terutama obat-obat yang berkaitan dengan penurunan gejala COVID-19 dan peningkatan imunitas tubuh.
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