Seedbed preparation to achieve desired aggregate size requires many tillage operations when performed on dry soil. A very common implement used for the initial operation is the moldboard plough, subsequent passes may include disk, chisel ploughs, cultivators, rototillers and harrows. Therefore ploughing should form flat soil surface to ensure favorable conditions for performance of subsequent operations. Mechanical reconsolidation by fragmenting and packing at spot ploughing on dry soils was studied in a soil bin, and on loam soil in the field. The results show that in dry soil fragmentation by ploughing and packing is attained by tearing the natural clods from each other and by stressing and translocating them. The maximum bulk density after ploughing was about 964 kg m-3, after ploughing and packing was about 1071 kg m-3 . Packing considerably reduced soil surface roughness from about 0.12m to 0.04m. Moreover, packing by rolling increased soil fragmentation from about 68.2 % (after ploughing) to 79.8 %. A series of experiments showed that the roller had only a slight influence on draught resistance. The spot ploughing draught were increased about 1.3% at this operating conditions.
To improve the quality and energy indicators on the front plow in front of the housings, the angle axes are installed in the form of a triangular wedge. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the parameters of the angle-lift of the front plow, which provides high-quality performance of the technological process according to agrotechnical requirements with the lowest energy costs for smooth, rowless plowing. The research uses the laws and rules of theoretical mechanics, mathematical statistics, mathematical planning of experiments, and methods of strain measurement, as well as the methods given in existing regulatory documents. Based on the study of the process of interaction of the carbon monoxide with the soil, analytical dependences are obtained that allow us to determine the parameters of the carbon monoxide. According to the results of theoretical and experimental studies, it was found that the required quality of tillage with a front plow following the established agrotechnical requirements with minimal energy consumption is provided at the height of 22 cm, a length of 27 cm, a wing angle of 32° and an angle of inclination of the side face of 36°.
Introduction. Efficient and reliable operation of water intake structures within reclamation systems in Southern Russia and the North Caucasus is a challenging issue. In this article, we address the operational reliability of reclamation water intakes in the foothill areas of small rivers. Many water intake structures built on small rivers are in poor operating condition and, therefore, need improvement and complete reconstruction. Methods. We performed analytical and field studies on the head structures of foothill reclamation systems. Based on the results, we identified the reasons for the low efficiency and reliability of old water intake structures. Since it is impossible to improve these water intake structures, new types and designs of high-performance water intakes are required. Therefore, we propose some original types of underground horizontal and underflow water intakes and determine corresponding technical parameters and performance criteria. Results. Due to low efficiency as well as high energy and material consumption of existing water intake structures, it is required to significantly reduce the cost of supplied irrigation water by introducing new types of high-performance water intake structures. Based on the studies of alluvial regimes of rivers and retention basins as well as hydraulic regimes of head water intake structures, we prepared design and process solutions that help control sediment effectively, increase the water intake coefficient, and regulate water supply to irrigation canals. The design features of new water intakes have a beneficial effect on river flows and the quality of irrigation water. Conclusion. The study results confirm the high performance and manufacturability of the proposed horizontal and underflow water intakes protected by patents for inventions. This year, our designs have been included in the state grant program for the development of standard hydraulic structures within reclamation systems.
When installed on the frontal plow, the bodies will work in conditions of semi-blocked cutting. The purpose of the study is the theoretical determination of the traction resistance of the frontal plough's cornercutter. The basic principles and methods of classical mechanics, mathematical analysis and statistics were used in this study. Analytical equations for determination of traction resistance of cornercutter beam and plough have been obtained. It is established that traction resistance of frontal plough corners depends on cornersner and plough parameters as well as on physical-mechanical soil properties. At speeds of 1.8-2.3 m/s, traction resistance of the corrugated plough is 0.36-0.39 kN.
Front-end plows are promising and carry out smooth plowing. A significant disadvantage of the front plow is that the housings do not completely rotate the layers within their own furrow and have a large traction resistance since they work in conditions of blocked cutting. The study aims to substantiate the technology of turnover of a polygonal formation in conditions of non-blocked cutting. The basic principles and methods of classical mechanics, mathematical analysis, and statistics were used in this study. The parameters of the polygonal formation formed by the angle beam and the body of the plow have been studied. Analytical dependences for determining the coordinate of the center of gravity of the formation and the displacement of its center of gravity along the ordinate axis are obtained. It was found that the displacement of the center of gravity of the formation along the ordinate with a formation width of 45-52.5 cm and a gripping width of the angle of 4-10 cm is 4-10 cm.
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