Photodynamic therapy (PDT) possesses two pathways depending on the type of high-toxicity reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide anion radical (O 2•− ) and hydroxyl radical ( • OH) generated through Type I and singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) generated through Type II, inducing cancer cell apoptosis. However, the low efficiency of ROS generation and poor biocompatibility are the limitations of the traditional photosensitizers for PDT. Herein, inspired by photochemical reactions of titanium dioxide and porphyrin-based metal− organic frameworks, we developed a nanoplatform by covering ultrasmall titanium dioxide nanoparticles on a heterodimer made up of upconversion nanoparticles and metal−organic frameworks, realizing a multimode PDT through Type I and Type II mechanisms. Once irradiated by a near-infrared light, upconversion nanoparticles could generate ultraviolet and visible lights, which were not only able to stimulate different photochemical reactions of titanium dioxide and porphyrin but also accomplish deep penetration photodynamic therapy. Our photosensitive agent exhibited good biocompatibility and an effective multimode PDT performance, which could meet the needs of different situations of photodynamic therapy in the future.

The two‐dimensional (2D) vanadium carbide (V2C) MXene has shown great potential as a photothermal agent (PTA) for photothermal therapy (PTT). However, the use of V2C in PTT is limited by the harsh synthesis condition and low photothermal conversion efficiency (PTCE). Herein, we report a completely different green delamination method using algae extraction to intercalate and delaminate V2AlC to produce mass V2C nanosheets (NSs) with a high yield (90 %). The resulting V2C NSs demonstrated good structural integrity and remarkably high absorption in near infrared (NIR) region with a PTCE as high as 48 %. Systemic in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that the V2C NSs can serve as efficient PTA for photoacoustic (PA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐guided PTT of cancer. This work provides a cost‐effective, environment‐friendly, and high‐yielding disassembly approach of MAX, opening a new avenue to develop MXenes with desirable properties for a myriad of applications.

Bimetallic nanoparticles have received considerable attention owing to synergistic effect and their multifunctionality. Herein, new multifunctional Pd@Au bimetallic nanoplates decorated hollow mesoporous MnO2 nanoplates (H‐MnO2) are demonstrated for achieving not only nucleus‐targeted NIR‐II photothermal therapy (PTT), but also tumor microenvironment (TME) hypoxia relief enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT). The Pd@Au nanoplates present a photothermal conversion efficiency (PTCE) as high as 56.9%, superior to those PTAs activated in the NIR‐II region such as Cu9S5 nanoparticles (37%), Cu3BiS3 nanorods (40.7%), and Au/Cu2−xS nanocrystals (43.2%). They further functionalize with transactivator of transcription (TAT) moiety for cell nuclear‐targeting and biodegradable hollow mesoporous MnO2 (≈100 nm) loaded with photosensitizer Ce6 (TAT‐Pd@Au/Ce6/PAH/H‐MnO2) to construct a hierarchical targeting nanoplatform. The as‐made TAT‐Pd@Au/Ce6/PAH/H‐MnO2 demonstrates good premature renal clearance escape ability and increased tumor tissue accumulation. It can be degraded in acidic TME and generate O2 by reacting to endogenous H2O2 to relieve the hypoxia for enhanced PDT, while the released small TAT‐Pd@Au nanoplates can effectively enter into the nucleus to mediate PTT. As a result, a remarkable therapeutic effect is achieved owing to the synergistic PTT/PDT therapy. This hierarchical targeting, TME‐responsive, cytoplasm hypoxia relief PDT, and nuclear NIR‐II PTT synergistic therapy can pave a new avenue for nanomaterials‐based cancer therapy.

Skin interstitial fluid (ISF) containing a great variety of molecular biomarkers derived from cells and subcutaneous blood capillaries has recently emerged as a clinically potential component for early diagnosis of a wide range of diseases; however, the minimally invasive sampling and detection of cell-free biomarkers in ISF is still a key challenge. Herein, we developed microneedles (MNs) that consist of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and graphene oxide (GO) for the enrichment and sensitive detection of multiple microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers from skin ISF. The GO-GelMA MNs exhibited robust mechanical properties, fast sampling kinetics, and large swelling capacity, which enabled collecting ISF volume high to 21.34 μL in 30 min, facilitating effective miRNA analysis. It preliminarily realized the sensitive detection of three types of psoriasis-related miRNAs biomarkers either on the patch itself or in solution after release from the hydrogel by combining catalytic hairpin assembly signal amplification reaction. The automated and minimally invasive ISF miRNA detection technology of GO-GelMA MNs has great potential to monitor cell-free clinically informative biomarkers for personalized diagnosis and prognosis.

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Utilizing novel approaches for the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles are of great importance. Therefore, we reported biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using extracts of Leptolyngbya strain JSC-1, and their significant applications against pathogenic bacteria and cancerous HeLa cell line. The biofabricated AgNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, TEM, DLS and zeta-potential. The as prepared AgNPs were assessed for inhibition of bacterial growth and induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells by different doses of AgNPs was evaluated. UV-visible spectroscopy and FTIR of AgNPs demonstrated the surface plasmon resonance at 413 nm and interaction among extract and nanoparticles, respectively. Electron microscopy revealed the morphology and DLS demonstrated size distribution of the particles (10-100 nm). Zeta potential values were between -47 and 0 mV, indicating stability of the particles. Proliferation of HeLa cells was significantly inhibited and severe cytotoxicity with higher intracellular uptake were observed after applying high concentration of AgNPs. Efficient inhibition zones (17 ± 2 and 21 ± 2 mm) were produced at maximum concentration (100 µl from 1 mg ml stock of AgNPs) for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. These findings reveal that the biofabricated AgNPs possess strong antibacterial activity and ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cell line (HeLa).

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