:The present study was a cross-sectional type of descriptive one carried out with the objective of determining the diagnostic accuracy of imprint cytology and frozen section of central nervous system tumors. A purposively selected sample of 33 clinically diagnosed patients with CNS tumors has been included for the study. The relevant data on CNS tumors were collected by using imprint cytology, frozen section and paraffin section. The sensitivity of imprint cytology was 75.0% and specificity was 55.17% respectively. On the other hand positive predictive value of imprint cytology was 18.75% and negative predictive value was 94.11%. The sensitivity of frozen section was 100% and specificity was 86.21% respectively. Comparing the findings of the frozen section to histopathology, the positive predictive value was 50.0% and negative predictive value was 100%. The sensitivity and specificity of imprint cytology was lower in comparison to frozen section and paraffin section. Still then imprint cytology is preferred, because it can be carried out rapidly and easily. It will also be a very helpful aid especially when facilities for frozen section are limited but neurosurgical-procedure is available. A well designed research with adequate sample size should be carried out to get better diagnostic accuracy of imprint cytology in central nervous system tumors.

Estimation of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) has been considered as valuable noninvasive biochemical diagnostic tool for early detection of prostatic carcinoma. This cross sectional purposive study was carried out to compare the performance of serum total PSA and free PSA in terms of their sensitivity, specificity and overall diagnostic accuracy for prostatic carcinoma among clinically suspected cases. This study included a total of fifty (50) DRE (digital rectal examination) positive patients admitted in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital (RMCH) and Private hospitals in Rajshahi city during the period of January, 2006 to January, 2008. Estimation of serum total PSA and free PSA were done by ELISA (Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) method using commercially available kits and histopathological examination of the surgically resected prostatic tissue was done for laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma for all patients. Diagnostic sensitivities, specificities and overall accuracy of serum total PSA and free PSA were calculated using standard formulae against histopathological diagnosis. Prostatic carcinoma was detected by histopathological examination in 41 cases out of 50 patients with the mean age of 71.2 ± 10.1 years. The sensitivity, specificity and overall diagnostic accuracy of serum total PSA (at cut off value of ≥10 ng/ml) were found to be 80.48%, 88.90% and 82.00% respectively while they were 92.68%, 77.80% and 90.00% respectively for serum percent free PSA (at cut off value of ≤25%). It is inferred that percent free PSA is a better tumor marker than serum total PSA in the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma.

Background & objective: The role Ki-67 as a prognostic marker has been studied in many cancers in many studies. However, only few studies reported the prognostic role of Ki-67 in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) with contradictory opinions. The present study was undertaken to assess the Ki-67 proliferation index (PI) in tissue sections of CRC and to investigate the relationship between the proliferative activity and histological type, grade and stage of the tumour. Methods: The present cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi over a period of two years from September 2017 to August 2019. All clinically suspected cases of CRC and later confirmed by histopathology were the study population. A total 44 such cases were included in the study. Tissue sections from 44 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumor specimens were examined at the Department of Pathology of Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi. The cases were histologically classified, graded (WHO) and staged according to TNM and modified Dukes’ staging system. Ki-67 proliferation index was calculated immunohistochemically using the monoclonal antibody MIB-1, and were studied under light microscope. Expression of Ki-67 was calculated as a percentage of labeled nuclei per 500 cells counted in consecutive five high-power fields in the most reactive areas of the slides. The staining results were categorized into groups using a cut-off value of Ki-67 determined by ROC curve analysis. Results: In the present study the cases with high Ki-67 PI were significantly associated with high grade colorectal carcinoma (p = 0.005). TNM Stage-II and Stage-III tumours were more likely to be associated with high Ki-67 PI than those with low Ki-67 PI (p < 0.001). A significant association was observed between Ki-67 immuno-expression and modified Dukes’ staging of the tumours with Stage C being highly associated with high Ki-67 PI (p < 0.001). But histologic tumor type (mucinous and non-mucinous) was not found to be associated with Ki-67 proliferation index. Based on Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis tumors with nuclear immunoreactivity ≥ 25% were considered as high proliferation index (PI) and < 25% as low PI. The Ki-67 at a cut-off value of >25% had high sensitivity (85.7%) in differentiating high grade CRC from the low-grade tumors but its specificity was moderate (67.6%) with overall diagnostic accuracy being 70.5%. Conclusion: The study concluded that cases with high Ki-67 PI are significantly associated with high grade CRC (poorly differentiated) than the cases with low grade CRC (well and moderately differentiated). TNM Stage-II & Stage-III and modified Dukes’ stage C also more often tend to be associated with high Ki-67 PI than with low Ki-67 PI. Ibrahim Card Med J 2020; 10 (1&2): 33-39

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ibmcj.v2i1.17313 IBMC J 2011; 2(1): 21-24

Background: The incidence of tuberculosis is very high in Bangladesh. There is a high prevalence of psychiatric illness among tuberculosis patients. But primary care physicians and specialists do not screen this association. The aims of this study were to evaluate the incidence and pattern of psychiatric illness in tuberculosis patients.Methodology: The study population included those patients who were coming for treatment in DOTs corner of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital between July 2014 - February 2015 (Eight months). Each patient underwent a detailed psychiatric evaluation by a consultant psychiatrist once they were medically stable. Details included socio-demographic data, psychiatric diagnosis and treatment outcome. All data was tabulated and analyzed using SPSS-16.Result: Among the total 350 tuberculosis patients, total 108 patients (31%) were diagnosed with psychiatric problems. Most of them are male (71%), less than 40 years of age (70%) with no previous psychiatric illness (98%). Depression (n=43, 40%) and Anxiety (n=33, 31%) were the commonest psychiatric illness diagnosed. Fear of disease outcome was the commonest precipitating factor found (66%). After the psychiatric treatment, 94% improved clinically.Conclusion: Detecting the level of psychiatric illness among tuberculosis patients at early stage will improve continuation and adherence to treatment. A referral system` to psychiatrists by physicians needs to develop to screen the mental disorder symptoms to treat these co morbidities.Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 6, No. 2: July 2015, P 25-29

Background: Angiogenesis is a basic process that enables neoplasm to thrive. Microvessel density (MVD) evaluation is an accepted parameter for assessing the angiogenesis process within a tumour. The research was focused to evaluate angiogenesis by using CD34 immunomarker in invasive breast cancer and to correlate the microvessel density with grades and stages. Objective: To determine microvessel density by CD34 immunoreactivity in female breast cancer and its relation with grading and staging. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive type of study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Rajshahi Medical College. Forty-five untreated cases of breast cancer were included in this study between the period of July 2019 to June 2021 and paraffin embedded sections were obtained from representative mastectomy specimen. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain followed by evaluation of angiogenesis by using CD34 antibody. Results: In this study, most of the patients (71.1%) belonged to age < 50 years where the mean age was found 47.5 + 12.4 years. In 45 cases, tumour sizes ranged from 1-8 cm. 86.7% (39 cases) ranges from 0-5 cm, where only (6 cases) 13.3% were more than 5 cm. About 30 cases (66.7%) lymph nodes were positive for metastasis. According to histopathological grade 51.1% belonged to grade III followed by 28.9% grade II and 20% grade I. Histological stage showed most of the cases was stage II (48.9 %) followed by stage I (26.7 %) then stage III (24.4 %). Upon statistical analysis, a significant relation was obtained between MVD with increasing histologic grades and stages. Conclusion: As a new prognostic marker it would be of great value in diagnosis and in identifying patients at high risk of tumor recurrence more accurately. By this way breast cancer patients might be benefited from adjuvant therapies.

Breast Cancer incidence is increasing, but its mortality has started to decrease. The existence of strong reliable prognostic and predictive factors is of utmost importance to the practicing clinician. Some factors are only prognostic such as age, tumor size, and lymph node status, while others are both prognostic and predictive such as hormone receptors and human epidermal receptor 2 (HER’s-2) status. This study was done to see the association of HER-2 positivity with age, tumour size, grade, differentiation and lymph node deposit in breast cancer patient. A cross-sectional type of descriptive study was conducted among 50 patients. Patient age range is from 22 to 64 years (mean 42.64 ± 10.26 years). Tumour size ranged from 1 to 8 cm (mean 4.39 ± 1.564cm). Well differentiated tumour was 20, moderately differentiated tumour was 18 cases and poorly differentiated was 12 cases. HER-2/neu negative included 35(70%) cases and positive included 15(30%) cases. In this study it was found that the association between age groups and tumour differentiation with HER-2/neu status was statistically significant (p= <0.05). TAJ 2019; 32(2): 14-21

Breast cancer is the second common cause of cancer death in women of our country. Treatment of breast cancer depends on a number of parameters known as pathological and biological prognostic markers. Knowledge of the tumour grade would avoid under treatment of high grade carcinomas and over treatment of low grade carcinomas. Out study evaluated the feasibility of a grading system on FNA of duct cell carcinoma (NOS) and its ability to predict the histologic grade of the surgical specimens. The two widely practice grading system; Robinson’s cytological grading and Scraff Bloom Richardson histological grading system were utilized for this purpose. Various reports quote varied reproducibility, ranging from 50 to 90% correlation between histologic and cytologic grade. In this study, the correlation between histologic and cytologic grade is 86.3%. In this study association between grading by FNAC and histology was statistically highly significant (χ2=27.66, df=1, p<0.05) sensitivity 100% and specificity 58.33%. Maximum correlation was noted in grade-I. Out of 53 cases 46 showed correlation between histologic and cytologic grading, only 7 cases showed no correlation. Histologic grade were higher than cytologic grade and maximum were within one grade difference. The reasons for discrepancies between cytologic and histologic grades appear to be due to lack of histologic parameter of mitosis in cytology. In this study, a total 57 cases of breast lump were selected for FNAC; of them 56 were female and 1 male. Out of 57 cases, 44 cases had duct cell carcinoma (DCC) and 13 cases had atypical finding such as small cells, inconspicuous nucleoli. Fifty three cases were diagnosed as DCC and lobular carcinoma by histopathological study. After confirmation of the diagnosis of breast cancer by histopathological examination ER, PR determination by immunohistochemistry was done in all 53 cases of breast cancer. FNAC has good sensitivity (85.29%) and very high specificity (100%). It can replace the open biopsy in the majority cases of clinically malignant disease. TAJ 2018; 31(1): 1-8