A cross-sectional study based on a planned sampling was carried out to determine flock-level risk factors associated to Leptospira spp. infection in dairy goat flocks in a semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil. Serum samples from 975 adult dairy goats from 110 flocks were examined for Leptospira spp. antibodies by MAT using 24 serovars. A structured questionnaire focusing on risk factors for leptospirosis was completed for each flock. Of the 110 flocks 48 (43.6%; 95% CI: 34.2-53.4%) presented at least one seropositive animal, and most frequent serovar was Autumnalis (10.9%). Ninety-eight (8.7%; 95% CI: 5.7-12.9%; design effect=4.23) of the 975 goats tested seropositive at MAT, and serovar Autumnalis was also the most frequent (1.74%). Presence of rodents (OR=2.78; P=0.015) was identified as a risk factor. There was also association between history of infertility (OR=14.74; P=0.015) and prevalence of positive flocks. We suggest that a program of rodent control should be included in the flock management practices aiming to reduce transmission of the agent and then to reduce prevalence of positive flocks and occurrence of reproductive disorders such as impaired fertility.

The aim of this investigation was to determine the seroprevalence of Brucella ovis in sheep flocks and individual sheep in the Sertão mesorregion, Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil, as well as to identify risk factors. Blood samples were collected from 1,134 sheep from 103 flocks in 17 counties. For the serological diagnosis of B. ovis infection the agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) was carried out. A flock was considered positive when there was at least one seropositive animal. Of the 103 flocks used, 21 (20.39%) presented at least one seropositive sheep, and of the 1,134 sheep examined 59 (5.20%) seropositive animals were diagnosed. Cleaning of facilities (odds ratio = 7.13; 95% CI=1.56-32.47; p=0.011) and purchase of animals (odds ratio = 6.06; 95% CI=1.39-26.48; p=0.017) were identified as risk factors. Based on the risk factor analysis, it is recommended the diagnosis of B. ovis infection prior to purchase of sheep and the periodic cleaning of the facilities on the farm.INDEXING TERMS: Brucellosis, Brucella ovis, sheep, epidemiology, Semiarid of Brazil.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência de rebanhos ovinos positivos (focos) e de animais soropositivos para leptospirose na região semiárida do Estado da Paraíba, bem como identificar fatores de risco. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 1.275 animais procedentes de 117 rebanhos em 19 municípios da mesorregião do Sertão, Estado da Paraíba. Para o diagnóstico sorológico da leptospirose foi utilizado o teste de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM), com 24 sorovares de Leptospira spp. como antígenos. Um rebanho foi considerado positivo quando apresentou pelo menos um animal soropositivo. Das 117 propriedades utilizadas 33 (28,20%) apresentaram pelo menos um animal soropositivo, e dos 1.275 animais 69 (5,41%) foram soropositivos, com títulos variando de 100 a 3200. O sorovares reagentes foram Autumnalis (49,30%), Andamana (27,53%), Sentot (17,39%), Whitcomb (4,34%) e Australis (1,44%). Possuir mais de 48 animais no rebanho (odds ratio = 2,26; IC 95% = 1,33 -5,07; p = 0,021) e participação em exposições (odds ratio = 9,05; IC 95% = 0,96 - 85,71; p = 0,055) foram identificados como fatores de risco. Sugere-se a necessidade de estudos acerca do isolamento do agente, da caracterização de sua patogenicidade e do seu impacto econômico nos rebanhos ovinos da região, bem como recomenda-se maior controle sanitário nas aglomerações de animais.

To determine the presence of Brucella ovis in ovine from Paraíba State, in the Northeast region of Brazil, 80 animals slaughtered in the public slaughterhouse of Patos city were used. Before slaughter, blood samples were collected by jugular venopuncture from each animal, and after slaughter, testicles, epidydimus and uterus were aseptically collected. For the serological diagnosis of B. ovis and B. abortus infections, the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and Rose Bengal (RBT) tests were carried out, respectively. In addition, microbiological culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed on testicle, epidydimus and uterus samples. Six animals (7.5%) tested positive for the presence of B. ovis antibodies and all animals tested negative for the presence of B. abortus antibodies. One AGID-positive animal tested positive at uterine swab culture. PCR was able to amplify DNA of Brucella spp. from the pool of testicle, epidydimus and uterus samples from AGID-positive animals. This is the first report of isolation and detection of B. ovis DNA by PCR in ovine from the Northeast region of Brazil.

Although some studies in sheep have indicated leptospire colonization of the genital tract, further studies are needed to clarify the role of genital carriers in this species. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the colonization of pathogenic leptospires in the genital and urinary tract of slaughtered sheep. Fifty-seven adult, female woolless sheep destined for slaughter were used. Renal (n = 57), bladder (n = 57), ovary (n = 34), uterine tube (n = 44), and uterus (n = 33) samples were collected for molecular detection of Leptospira sp. DNA, and blood samples (n = 57) for serological testing. The molecular testing was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the serological testing was performed using microscopic serum agglutination test (MAT). Samples with amplifying DNA were subjected to genetic sequencing. In total, leptospiral DNA was found in the tissues of 44 (77.2%) sheep, whereas only nine animals were positive on both PCR and MAT; there was slight agreement between PCR and MAT techniques (k = 0.0268; p = 0.684). In 61 (54.9%) genital tract and in five (4.4%) urinary tract samples, the leptospiral DNA was detected, with significant difference (p < 0.001). The genes of one sample from the uterine tube and another from the bladder were sequenced and demonstrated 99% similarity to Leptospira interrogans. Anti-Leptospira antibodies were detected in 11 (19.3%) of the tested animals. The results reinforce the importance of the genital tract as an extra-renal site of colonization, suggesting the possibility of venereal transmission in sheep.

This study aimed to determine the occurrence and risk factors associated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in goats and sheep in semiarid region of Paraiba State, Northeastern Brazil. Of the 640 animals examined, 7.7% (49/640) had clinical evidence of caseous lymphadenitis. In 59.2% (29/49) of these animals there was only the scars of previously ruptured abscesses and in 40.8% (20/49) of the animals abscesses were intact. Of these 20 animals 13 (65%) goats had 14 abscesses, whereas seven (35%) sheep had eight abscesses. In both species, pre-scapular lymph node was the most involved. C. pseudotuberculosis was the agent most frequently isolated, in 15 (68.2%) samples, and in one (4.5%) coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was isolated, one (4.5%) Enterococcus sp., one (4.5%) Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and in four (18.2%) samples there was no bacterial growth. The ϐinal logistic regression model showed that animals from herds where their owners let the abscesses break naturally presented larger odds of caseous lymphadenitis (odds ratio = 8.19, 95% CI = 1.75 -38.25, p = 0.008). We conclude that goat/sheep owners of the region should adopt preventive measures in their herds, such as early opening and drainage of superϐicial abscesses, and appropriate destination of the content. Such measures, in addition to regular inspection of the ϐlock, disposal of diseased animals and introduction of non-infected animals will contribute to the control of this infection.INDEX TERMS: Caseous lymphadenitis, superϐicial lymph nodes, microbiology, epidemiology.

Leptospirosis in small ruminants is a disease that can lead to economic losses due to the occurrence of abortions, stillbirths and decreased milk production. The infection can be presented in acute, chronic and inapparent forms. In the acute infection, anorexia, depression, difficulty breathing, fever, hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria can occur. In the chronic form, abortions and stillbirths are common. Several recent serological surveys conducted in Brazil revealed frequencies of seropositivity ranging from 3.4 to 31.3% in goats, and from 0.7 to 34.6% in sheep. Most frequent reactions were obtained with the serovars Autumnalis, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pyrogenes. The microscopic agglutination test is the most used method to diagnose the infection. The control of leptospirosis in small ruminants is based on the identification of sources of infection, rodent control, control in animal purchasing and systematic immunization with inactivated vaccines that contain regional serovars of leptospires.KEYWORDS: Leptospira spp.; small ruminants; epidemiology; control; prevention. RESumO:A leptospirose em pequenos ruminantes é uma doença que pode causar perdas econômicas devido à ocorrência de abortamentos, natimortalidade e diminuição da produção de leite. A infecção pode se apresentar nas formas aguda, crônica e inaparente. Na forma aguda, pode ocorrer anorexia, depressão, dificuldade respiratória, febre, hemoglobinemia e hemoglobinúria. Na forma crônica, abortamentos e natimortalidade são comuns. Vários inqué-ritos sorológicos recentes conduzidos no Brasil apontaram frequências de soropositividade variando de 3,4 a 31,3% em caprinos, e de 0,7 a 34,6% em ovinos. Os sorovares reatores mais frequentes foram Autumnalis, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae e Pyrogenes. O teste de soroaglutinação microscópica é o método mais empregado para o diagnóstico da infecção. O controle da leptospirose em pequenos ruminantes é baseado na identificação de fontes de infecção, controle de roedores, controle da aquisição de animais e imunização sistemática com vacinas inativadas que contenham sorovares de leptospiras regionais.Palavras-chave: Leptospira spp.; pequenos ruminantes; epidemiologia; controle; prevenção.

Este trabalho teve como objetivos determinar a prevalência de propriedades de caprinos leiteiros positivas e de animais soropositivos para leptospirose no semiárido paraibano. A amostragem foi delineada para a determinação da prevalência de propriedades positivas (focos) e de animais soropositivos para a infecção por Leptospira spp. No total, foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 975 animais procedentes de 110 propriedades leiteiras localizadas no Munícipio de Monteiro, microrregião do Cariri Ocidental, Estado da Paraíba. Para o diagnóstico da infecção por Leptospira spp., foi utilizado o teste de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM), utilizando como antígenos 24 sorovares. Uma propriedade foi considerada foco quando apresentou pelo menos um animal soropositivo. As prevalências de propriedades positivas e de animais soropositivos foram de 43,6% (IC 95% = 34,2-53,4%) e de 8,7% (IC 95% = 5,7-12,9%), respectivamente. Nos animais, os sorovares mais frequentes foram Autumnalis (1,74%; IC 95% = 0,97-3,09%), Sentot (1,71%; IC 95% = 0,82-3,52%) e Whitcomb (1,39%; IC 95% = 0,65-2,93%), e nas propriedades, os sorovares Autumnalis (10,9%; IC 95% = 5,8-18,3%), Whitcomb (8,2%; IC 95% = 3,8-15,0%) e Sentot e Patoc (7,3%; IC 95% = 3,2-13,8%) foram os mais frequentes. Sugere-se que a infecção está distribuída em caprinos da região, e que há necessidade de implantação de medidas de controle e prevenção, com o intuito de reduzir a ocorrência da infecção e, consequentemente, diminuir perdas econômicas ocasionadas e bloquear a possível transmissão do agente aos seres humanos.