Breeding of goats and sheep is an important activity in northeast Brazil, contributing to economic and social development of this region. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize goat and sheep rearing and breeding in the central-western region of the State of Paraíba, northeast Brazil. The study area included Borborema and mesoregions of the backlands of the state, represented by 127 municipalities in an area of 38.293 km 2 , with density of goats and sheep at 12.9 and 8.27 head/km 2 , respectively. A total of 62 farms belonging to five municipalities of the Borborema mesoregion and four municipalities of the Sertão mesoregion were surveyed. Epidemiological surveys were conducted in the farms, and questionnaires sought information on the economic, productive, and social aspects of the farm owners and the farms. The results allowed the classification of goat and sheep production systems in the semi-arid Paraíba as a family system and of subsistence, for farmers' own consumption and for local trade, with low technology use and herds with up to 100 animals. The farmers' level of education was low, and the investments and technical assistance for the development of breeding activity in the region were insufficient and/or inadequate. Thus, it was essential to conduct an economic study on the farms to assess the actual economic and financial status of breeding activity and the subsequent returns. It is suggested that these aspects be taken into account when planning livestock development policies, especially in terms of finance and technical assistance, as well as in the implementation of strategies to control commonly occurring diseases in the region, aimed at combating agents, environmental control, and protection of susceptible livestock. , respectivamente. No total foram visitadas 62 propriedades pertencentes a cinco municípios da Mesorregião da Borborema e quatro da Mesorregião do Sertão. Nas propriedades foram aplicados questionários epidemiológicos, os quais buscavam informações sobre aspectos econômicos, produtivos e sociais dos proprietários/propriedades. Os resultados obtidos permitem classificar o sistema de produção de caprinos e ovinos no semiárido paraibano como familiar e de subsistência, para consumo doméstico e comércio local, com baixo uso de tecnologia e rebanhos com até 100 animais. O nível de escolaridade dos criadores foi considerado baixo, bem como os investimentos e assistência técnica insuficientes e/ou inadequados para o desenvolvimento da atividade na região. Dessa forma, um estudo econômico nas propriedades para conhecimento da real situação econômico-financeira da atividade e o retorno que as mesmas poderão proporcionar a partir da sua organização se torna necessário. Sugere-se que tais aspectos sejam levados em consideração quanto ao planejamento de políticas de desenvolvimento pecuário, especialmente quando relacionados a financiamento e assistência técnica, bem como na implementação de ações no controle das doenças mais frequentes na região, direcionadas ao combate...

RESUMO.-Nos assentamentos rurais há maiores concentrações de reservatórios e vetores da leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) devido às transformações ambientais resultantes da ação antrópica pela ocupação do território, no entanto, não há estudos no Brasil acerca de informações epidemiológicas da LVC em assentamentos rurais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a soroprevalência para Leishmania sp. em cães de assentamentos rurais, bem como identificar os fatores de risco associados a infecção. Foram utilizados 306 cães e o diagnóstico sorológico da LVC foi realizado através do ELISA S7. Dos 306 cães investigados, 118 apresentaram anticorpos anti-Leishmania sp., resultando em frequência de 38,6%. Idade de 12 -24 meses (OR=2,97), idade de 24--48 meses (OR=4,83), idade de 4-6 anos (OR=4,40), idade >6 anos (OR=3,62), contato com aves (OR=1,67) e sexo (fêmea) (OR=1,97) foram apontados como fatores de risco para LVC. Cães de assentamentos rurais do semiárido paraibano apresentaram frequência elevada de anticorpos anti-Leishmania sp., o que torna a população desses locais susceptíveis à infecção. Isso evidencia a necessidade de alerta aos órgãos de vigilância epidemiológica para estabelecer medidas de prevenção e controle dessa zoonose, incluindo ações educacionais e sanitárias nesses assentamentos, já que os mesmos estão situados em áreas com características propícias à instalação da LVC. In rural settlements there are higher concentrations of reservoirs and vectors of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) due to environmental changes resulting from human action by occupation of the territory, however, there are no surveys in Brazil on epidemiological information of CVL in these areas. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Leishmania sp. in dogs from rural settlements, as well as to identify the risk factors associated with infection. A total of 306 dogs were tested, and the serological diagnosis of CVL was performed by ELISA S7. Of the 306 dogs, 118 presented anti-Leishmania sp. antibodies., resulting in a frequency of 38.6%. The risk factors identified for CVL seropositivity were: age of 12-24 months (OR=2.97), age of 24-48 months (OR=4.83), age of 4-6 years (OR=4.40), age >6 years (OR=3.62), contact with poultry (OR=1.67) and gender (female) (OR=1.97). Dogs from rural settlements in the semiarid of Paraiba showed high anti-Leishmania sp. antibody frequency, what makes the population of those settlements susceptible to infection. This highlights for the need to alert the epidemiological surveillance agencies to stablish prevention and control methods for that zoonosis, including educational and health activities on these settlements, as they are located in areas with favorable characteristics for CVL installation.

A cross-sectional study based on a planned sampling was carried out to determine flock-level risk factors associated to Leptospira spp. infection in dairy goat flocks in a semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil. Serum samples from 975 adult dairy goats from 110 flocks were examined for Leptospira spp. antibodies by MAT using 24 serovars. A structured questionnaire focusing on risk factors for leptospirosis was completed for each flock. Of the 110 flocks 48 (43.6%; 95% CI: 34.2-53.4%) presented at least one seropositive animal, and most frequent serovar was Autumnalis (10.9%). Ninety-eight (8.7%; 95% CI: 5.7-12.9%; design effect=4.23) of the 975 goats tested seropositive at MAT, and serovar Autumnalis was also the most frequent (1.74%). Presence of rodents (OR=2.78; P=0.015) was identified as a risk factor. There was also association between history of infertility (OR=14.74; P=0.015) and prevalence of positive flocks. We suggest that a program of rodent control should be included in the flock management practices aiming to reduce transmission of the agent and then to reduce prevalence of positive flocks and occurrence of reproductive disorders such as impaired fertility.

The aim of this investigation was to determine the seroprevalence of Brucella ovis in sheep flocks and individual sheep in the Sertão mesorregion, Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil, as well as to identify risk factors. Blood samples were collected from 1,134 sheep from 103 flocks in 17 counties. For the serological diagnosis of B. ovis infection the agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) was carried out. A flock was considered positive when there was at least one seropositive animal. Of the 103 flocks used, 21 (20.39%) presented at least one seropositive sheep, and of the 1,134 sheep examined 59 (5.20%) seropositive animals were diagnosed. Cleaning of facilities (odds ratio = 7.13; 95% CI=1.56-32.47; p=0.011) and purchase of animals (odds ratio = 6.06; 95% CI=1.39-26.48; p=0.017) were identified as risk factors. Based on the risk factor analysis, it is recommended the diagnosis of B. ovis infection prior to purchase of sheep and the periodic cleaning of the facilities on the farm.INDEXING TERMS: Brucellosis, Brucella ovis, sheep, epidemiology, Semiarid of Brazil.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência de rebanhos ovinos positivos (focos) e de animais soropositivos para leptospirose na região semiárida do Estado da Paraíba, bem como identificar fatores de risco. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 1.275 animais procedentes de 117 rebanhos em 19 municípios da mesorregião do Sertão, Estado da Paraíba. Para o diagnóstico sorológico da leptospirose foi utilizado o teste de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM), com 24 sorovares de Leptospira spp. como antígenos. Um rebanho foi considerado positivo quando apresentou pelo menos um animal soropositivo. Das 117 propriedades utilizadas 33 (28,20%) apresentaram pelo menos um animal soropositivo, e dos 1.275 animais 69 (5,41%) foram soropositivos, com títulos variando de 100 a 3200. O sorovares reagentes foram Autumnalis (49,30%), Andamana (27,53%), Sentot (17,39%), Whitcomb (4,34%) e Australis (1,44%). Possuir mais de 48 animais no rebanho (odds ratio = 2,26; IC 95% = 1,33 -5,07; p = 0,021) e participação em exposições (odds ratio = 9,05; IC 95% = 0,96 - 85,71; p = 0,055) foram identificados como fatores de risco. Sugere-se a necessidade de estudos acerca do isolamento do agente, da caracterização de sua patogenicidade e do seu impacto econômico nos rebanhos ovinos da região, bem como recomenda-se maior controle sanitário nas aglomerações de animais.

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Although some studies in sheep have indicated leptospire colonization of the genital tract, further studies are needed to clarify the role of genital carriers in this species. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the colonization of pathogenic leptospires in the genital and urinary tract of slaughtered sheep. Fifty-seven adult, female woolless sheep destined for slaughter were used. Renal (n = 57), bladder (n = 57), ovary (n = 34), uterine tube (n = 44), and uterus (n = 33) samples were collected for molecular detection of Leptospira sp. DNA, and blood samples (n = 57) for serological testing. The molecular testing was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the serological testing was performed using microscopic serum agglutination test (MAT). Samples with amplifying DNA were subjected to genetic sequencing. In total, leptospiral DNA was found in the tissues of 44 (77.2%) sheep, whereas only nine animals were positive on both PCR and MAT; there was slight agreement between PCR and MAT techniques (k = 0.0268; p = 0.684). In 61 (54.9%) genital tract and in five (4.4%) urinary tract samples, the leptospiral DNA was detected, with significant difference (p < 0.001). The genes of one sample from the uterine tube and another from the bladder were sequenced and demonstrated 99% similarity to Leptospira interrogans. Anti-Leptospira antibodies were detected in 11 (19.3%) of the tested animals. The results reinforce the importance of the genital tract as an extra-renal site of colonization, suggesting the possibility of venereal transmission in sheep.

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