The dependence of Brazil on imported improved papaya seeds was the main motivation for this research that primarily intended to evaluate the combining ability of eight genotypes from the 'Solo' group, crossed with eight genotypes from the 'Formosa' group following a partial diallel scheme. The traits mean fruit weight, brix degree and flavor revealed prevalence of additive effects in both genetic groups, while plant height was preponderantly additive only for the 'Solo' genotypes. On the other hand, the yield trait expressed additive superiority for the 'Formosa' genotypes. For intrapopulation breeding for higher yield, the indicated genotypes are 'Maradol' and 'Cariflora' from the 'Formosa' group as well 'Sunrise Solo 783' and 'Sunrise Solo TJ' from the 'Solo' group; but, when the objective is to breed for better fruit quality, the genotypes 'JS 12' and 'JS 11' ('Formosa' group), and 'Sunrise Solo72/12' and 'Baixinho de Santa Amália' ('Solo' group) are indicated. Based on the set of evaluated traits, the best hybrid combinations were 'Sunrise Solo 72/12 × JS 12', 'Sunrise Solo TJ × JS 12', 'Baixinho de Santa Amália × JS 12', 'Sunrise Solo TJ X JS 11' and 'Sunrise Solo 72/12 × Costa Rica'.
RESUMO -O trabalho teve como objetivo definir tratamentos adequados para a superação da dormência em sementes de mamão. Foram utilizadas sementes com e sem sarcotesta, extraídas de frutos do grupo Formosa, híbrido Tainung 01. Nas sementes sem sarcotesta, foram aplicados os seguintes tratamentos: lavagem em água corrente por 2 e 4 h, pré-secagem a 40ºC/96h, pré-esfriamento a 10ºC/14 dias, envelhecimento acelerado a 41ºC por 36, 48 e 72h, imersão em NaOCl 0,5% por 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5h, imersão em KNO 3 1M por 30, 60, 90 e 120 min., imersão em GA 3 400, 600 e 800 ppm por 24 h, umedecimento do substrato com GA 3 400, 600 e 800 ppm, armazenamento por 3, 6 e 9 meses e choque térmico a 15-35ºC. Após cada tratamento, avaliou-se a germinação aos 15 e 30 dias após a semeadura. A presença da sarcotesta na semente diminui a velocidade e a porcentagem de germinação. Os tratamentos mais eficientes para a superação da dormência em sementes de mamão são o umedecimento do substrato com GA 3 600 ppm ou a imersão das sementes em solução de GA 3 600 ppm por 24 horas e a imersão das sementes em KNO 3 1M por 30, 60 e 90 minutos. A dormência foi superada após o armazenamento das sementes por 3 a 6 meses.Termos para indexação: Carica papaya, germinação, quebra de dormência. DORMANCY OVERCOMING IN PAPAYA SEEDSABSTRACT -The objective of this study was to define appropriate treatments to overcome dormancy in papaya seeds. Seeds with and without sarcotesta extracted from papaya fruits of the Formosa group, hybrid Tainung 01, were used. The following treatments to overcome dormancy were applied on seeds without sarcotesta: leaching for 2 and 4h, drying at 40ºC/96h, pre-chilling at 10ºC/14 days, accerelated aging at 41ºC for 36, 48 e 72h, soaking in NaOCl 0,5% for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5h, soaking in KNO 3 1M for 30, 60, 90 and 120 min., soaking in GA 3 400, 600 and 800 ppm for 24h, substratum moistened with GA 3 400, 600 and 800 ppm, storage for 3, 6 and 9 months and heatshock at 15-35º C. After each treatment, germination at 15 and 30 days was evaluated. Seeds with sarcotesta had lower germination speed and percentage. The best treatments to overcome dormancy in papaya seeds were the use of substratum moistened with GA 3 600 ppm or the immersion of the seeds GA 3 600 ppm for 24 hours and immersion of the seeds in KNO 3 1M for 30, 60 and 90 minutes. Seed dormancy was broken after storage for 3 and 6 months.
RESUMO -Entre os fatores que limitam a produtividade do mamoeiro, destacam-se a disponibilidade de água e nutrientes minerais. Assim, o ajuste de uma lâmina de irrigação adequada para a cultura exige também o monitoramento do estado nutricional das plantas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a resposta das diferentes lâminas de irrigação (0; 40; 80; 120; 160; 200 e 240% da ETo) sobre os teores de nutrientes nas folhas do mamoeiro 'Improved Sunrise Solo 72/12'. As avaliações dos teores de nutrientes no mamoeiro foram realizadas em junho de 1999, retirando-se amostras de duas plantas de cada tratamento, das quais foram analisados, separadamente, o limbo e o pecíolo foliar. Os resultados indicam que os teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Na, Fe e Cu, no limbo, e os teores de N, P, Ca, Mg, S, B, Na e Fe, no pecíolo, variaram significativamente com a lâmina de água aplicada. A concentração desses nutrientes em função das lâminas de irrigação foi explicada, na maioria dos casos, por regressões lineares, decrescentes para N, K e Fe, e crescente para os demais nutrientes. A variação significativa dos teores de nutrientes, em função da irrigação, mostra a necessidade de estudos que permitam o ajuste da adubação à lâmina de irrigação empregada.Termos para indexação: análise foliar, nutrientes, mamoeiro, irrigação. NUTRIENTS CONTENTS OF THE 'Improved Sunrise Solo 72/12' PAPAYA UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION SHEETS IN THE NORTH REGION OF RIO DE JANEIRO STATE, BRAZILABSTRACT -Among the factors that limit the productivity of the papaya tree, stand out the availability of water and mineral nutrients. Therefore, the adjustment of the appropriate irrigation depth for the culture also demands the accompaniment of the state nutritional of the plants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the response of the different irrigation depths (0, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200 and 240% of ETo) on the amounts of nutrients in the leaves of the papaya tree "Improved Sunrise Soil 72/12". The evaluations of the amounts of nutrients in the papaya tree were accomplished in June of 1999, by removing samples of two plants of each treatment, from which were analyzed, separately, the leaf blade and the petiole leaf. The results showed that the amounts of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Na, Fe and Cu in the leaf blade, and the amounts of N, P, Ca, Mg, S, B, Na and Fe in the petiole leaf, varied significantly with the depth of applied water. The concentration of those nutrients, as a function of irrigation depths, was explained, in most of the events, by linear regressions, decreasing for N, K and Fe, and increasing for the other nutrients. The significant variation of the amounts of nutrients, as a function of irrigation, shows the need of studies that allow the adjustment of the manuring to the employed irrigation depth.Index terms: leaf analysis, nutrients, papaya tree and irrigation. INTRODUÇÃOA Região Norte Fluminense (NF) possui grande potencial de produção para frutíferas, incluindo o mamão. Além de apresentar situação logística apropriada, a região possui, também, ...
Thermal units or degree day systems can both be used to quantify relationships between plants and air temperature. The Northern Fluminense region holds no tradition for irrigated papaya (Carica papaya L.) cropping and, because of the need for irrigation, it is important knowing its growth and development characteristics under these conditions. This study aimed to determine the relationship between growth rate of papaya plants and degree days, and its effect on crop productivity, under different irrigation levels. An experiment was set up with the cultivar "Improved Sunrise Soil 72/12", in a randomized blocks design, with seven irrigation water depths and three repetitions; crop growth and yield parameters were evaluated. There were significant correlations between water depths and degree days. Polynomial models of 2 nd and 3 rd order appropriately fitted the relationships degree day versus plant height, stem diameter, crown diameter and number of emitted leaves, for each water depth. Growth parameters related to degree days and to the applied treatments are indicative of yield potential. The total water depth that promoted the greatest fruit yield was 2,937 mm. Key words: irrigation management, development, papaya, productivity CRESCIMENTO E PRODUÇÃO DO MAMOEIRO SOB IRRIGAÇÃORESUMO: Entre os métodos de quantificar as relações entre as plantas e a temperatura do ar, estão os sistemas de unidades térmicas ou graus-dia. Sendo a região Norte Fluminense sem tradição no cultivo da cultura de mamão (Carica papaya L.) e devido a necessidade de irrigação, é importante que se conheça o comportamento de seu crescimento e desenvolvimento sob estas condições. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o crescimento do mamoeiro em relação a graus-dia e seu efeito na produção, sob diferentes níveis de irrigação nesta região. Montou-se um experimento com a cultivar 'Improved Sunrise Solo 72/12', em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com sete lâminas de irrigação e três repetições, procurando-se avaliar os parâmetros de crescimento e de produção. Houve interação significativa entre lâminas de irrigação e graus-dia. Modelos polinomiais de 2 a e 3 a ordem ajustaram significativamente a relação graus-dia X altura de plantas, diâmetro de caule, diâmetro de copa e número de folhas emitidas, para cada lâmina de irrigação. Os parâmetros de crescimento relacionados a graus-dia e aos tratamentos aplicados são indicativos de potencial de produção. A lâmina total de água que promoveu a maior produção de frutos foi de 2.937 mm. Palavras-chave: manejo de irrigação, desenvolvimento, mamão, produtividade
ABSTRACT-This study was carried out in order to relate the fruit harvest season and dormancy occurrence in papaya seeds. Papaya fruits of the Formosa group, Tainung 01 hybrid, were harvested at maturation stage 1 (15% external color yellow), at five different times: July and November/2004 and February, May and September/2005. The fruits were stored at room temperature until they reached maturation stage 5 (more than 75% external color yellow). Seeds with and without sarcotesta were obtained at each harvest time. Standard germination of these seeds was performed in a germinator at 20/30 º C (8/16 hours, respectively) and normal seedlings percentage was evaluated at 15 and 30 days. Seeds with sarcotesta had lower germination speed and percentage. There was an effect of fruit harvest time on seed germination. Seeds extracted from fruits harvested in July/2004 and May/2005 had post-harvest dormancy, which did not occur in seeds from fruits harvested in the high temperature periods.
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