For sowing grain crops on stubble, stubble seeders with tine coulters are used, which perform technological operations in one pass. However, they do not meet the requirements of the agricultural machinery to ensure an even distribution of seeds in the sub-spear space. The subsoil no-drill planting creates the most favorable conditions for growth and development of cultivated crops and at the same time, grain crop yields are increased on average by 10…30%. Using no-drill planting, seeders equipped with spear coulters with spreaders for no-drill subsoil seeding provide the best quality and distribute the seeds evenly over the field. The article proposes the original design of the seed drill coulter for no-drill planting, which provides an even seed distribution over the feeding area. As a result of the theoretical researches the optimal parameters of the diffuser for the grain drill coulter are determined and the dependence between the unevenness on the test parameters of the diffuser and the height of the pendulum spreader, the base diameter are obtained. The purpose of this research is to develop the design and rationale of parameters of the grain drill for subsoil no-drill planting, the use of which will reduce the uneven distribution of grain crops seeds or mineral fertilizer granules.
The article schematically considers a proposal for development and application of a controlled power distribution mechanism for machines involved in timber industry and agriculture. Use of the mechanism will increase energy efficiency of skidder and forwarder on tractor chassis, improve steering quality of tracked vehicles and improve controllability of wheeled vehicles. For articulated vehicles, use of a controlled power distribution mechanism is expected to reduce stresses on swing mechanism. The article presents analysis results of literary sources on problem of using controlled power distribution mechanisms in transmissions of tracked and wheeled vehicles. Advantages of using such mechanisms in transmissions of tractors and forest vehicles on their chassis are shown. References are given to publications containing descriptions of mechanisms that are similar in characteristics to the developed one and known methods for determining main parameters of power distribution mechanisms, approaches to kinematic, force analysis and energy balance construction of such mechanisms. Kinematic diagram of a new controlled mechanism of power distribution is considered, main parameters, control technologies, and areas of its application are determined. Links between the project and currently developed capabilities of Russian production are outlined. Development prospects of technology for controlling distribution of power in transmissions of tracked and wheeled vehicles in the field of transport engineering are indicated. A reference is given to the research complex created and used at the Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, as allowing to conduct comprehensive tests of experimental models of transmissions of transport and traction vehicles.
The article presents the results of theoretical research on the methodological provisions of the weight of the criteria in determining the technical level of agricultural machinery. The expediency of using relative, in parts of change, values of evaluation indicators, which allows to objectively and reliably obtain the value of the weight of the criteria in determining the technical level of agricultural machinery. The applied problem of determining the weights of the criteria in the study of the technical level of combine harvesters is considered. Five criteria are substantiated: reduction of direct costs, reduction of energy consumption, reduction of labour costs, reduction of material consumption, increase of reliability. The weight of the criterion reflects the degree of its importance in the rank of the sequence, their values are in the range 0…1. Five indicators are substantiated: operating costs, direct fuel costs, specific labour costs, specific material consumption, failure time. It is established that in the process of operation of the combine harvester Slavutich KZC-9M with a reduction of 30% of operating costs, the weight in determining the technical level is 0.1473. Studies have shown that a 25% reduction in direct fuel consumption is 0.1228 weight in determining the technical level of the combine harvesters.
For seed germination and the formation of a good soybean crop, significant reserves of soil moisture are required, which depends on the autumn-winter soil preparation, weather conditions and planting dates. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of the main tillage technology on its agrophysical properties and conditions for the growth and development of soybean plants. Experimental crop rotation: soybean – winter wheat was carried out under favourable (hydrothermal coefficient 1.46) and dry (hydrothermal coefficient 0.66–0.87) weather conditions. The main tillage was carried out with a stratifier PRSM-5 to a depth of 15–17 cm or a chisel plough PCh-2.5 to a depth of 25–27 cm, with additional pre-sowing or post-sowing rolling with a ring-spur roller KKSH. Sowing was carried out at a depth of 10 cm with stable heating of the soil in three periods: the first at 8–10 °С, the second at 10–12 °С, and the third at 12–14 °С. As a result of evaluating the influence of various factors, it was found that under favourable conditions, the highest seed productivity of soybean plants (1.91–1.96 t·ha−1) was formed after treatment with the stratifier PRSM-5 at the first sowing period and at the second sowing period after chisel ploughing with additional soil compaction. In dry weather conditions, pre-sowing treatment with a stratifier PRSM-5 had an advantage in seed productivity by 7–12% compared to ploughing with a chisel plough PCH-2.5.
In recent years, the enterprises of forestry and the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Belarus and other countries widely implemented advanced milling tools designed to chop wood, stumps and roots without immersing the cutter in the soil (mulchers) and with immersion (rotovators), which allows you to prepare the ground for planting forest crops. They can be mounted on multi-purpose tractors, loaders and excavators. At the same time, there are no methods that allow carrying out a reasonable choice of technological equipment for a particular basic machine, since a significant number of production, technological and technical factors have an impact on the emerging power and capacity parameters. The proposed method allows taking into account a significant number of variable values (working methods, speeds of various operations, parameters of the working body, its drive and base chassis, soil conditions, etc.) and simulate the interaction of milling tools under various operating conditions. It was found that the greatest loads on the mulcher rotor occur during the felling of tree and shrub vegetation, which is associated with an increase in the area of interaction between the cutters and the wood up to 2 times compared with the chopping of similar lying stands. This value can be reduced by 15–30 % depending on the diameter of the trunks being processed. In the case of a significant amount (cluster) of forest stands with a diameter of more than 10 cm, it is preferable to carry out work at a speed of about 0.2 m/s or advanced felling of these trees. The use of hydraulic travel (speed) reducers or hydrostatic transmission is promising in order to reduce dynamic loads and get better adaptability of the working equipment to natural-production conditions (the ability to work at a speed from 0 to 5 km/h). It should be noted that the installed required engine power for the milling equipment drive should be increased by 10–15 % due to the needs of the drive of various equipment located on the base chassis. Also, in the case of the integrated use of tree and shrub vegetation, it is possible to use mulchers that collect biomass; however, this will require additional energy costs. In this regard, the method can be applied when choosing the parameters of technological equipment for the existing base chassis, to solve the inverse problem, and also to select the operating mode of the milling equipment depending on the natural and production conditions with the possibility of subsequent prediction of the effectiveness of the work performed.
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