For seed germination and the formation of a good soybean crop, significant reserves of soil moisture are required, which depends on the autumn-winter soil preparation, weather conditions and planting dates. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of the main tillage technology on its agrophysical properties and conditions for the growth and development of soybean plants. Experimental crop rotation: soybean – winter wheat was carried out under favourable (hydrothermal coefficient 1.46) and dry (hydrothermal coefficient 0.66–0.87) weather conditions. The main tillage was carried out with a stratifier PRSM-5 to a depth of 15–17 cm or a chisel plough PCh-2.5 to a depth of 25–27 cm, with additional pre-sowing or post-sowing rolling with a ring-spur roller KKSH. Sowing was carried out at a depth of 10 cm with stable heating of the soil in three periods: the first at 8–10 °С, the second at 10–12 °С, and the third at 12–14 °С. As a result of evaluating the influence of various factors, it was found that under favourable conditions, the highest seed productivity of soybean plants (1.91–1.96 t·ha−1) was formed after treatment with the stratifier PRSM-5 at the first sowing period and at the second sowing period after chisel ploughing with additional soil compaction. In dry weather conditions, pre-sowing treatment with a stratifier PRSM-5 had an advantage in seed productivity by 7–12% compared to ploughing with a chisel plough PCH-2.5.
Surface tillage for growing crops is carried out with the purpose of crushing its upper layer, grinding crop residues, destroying weeds and leveling the field surface. The purpose of the research is to determine the quality indicators of an experimental soil-cultivating rotor ripping-separating unit using a flexible working body in the form of a cable. Authors studied in field conditions the physicomechanical properties of the soil after autumn plowing, early spring harrowing and cultivation with lancet paws to a depth of 0,12 m. There was analyzed the structural-aggregate composition of the soil obtained after the passage of device, depending on the frequency of rotation of the rotor and the presence of a flexible element in the form of a cable. Studies have been carried out on an experimental soil-cultivating loosening and separating plant on a layer of soil, which, after processing, is stratified into two sublayers: the upper superseed, the lower layer in the seed embedding zone. In the lower soil layer there is a significant advantage of the working bodies with a flexible element in the form of a cable. Increasing the rotor speed from 1,1 to 2,3 s-1 contributes to an increase in the coefficient of soil structure in the lower layer by about 10 %, and in the upper layer by no more than 2,3 %. With the use of a flexible working body in the form of a cable in the composition of the working bodies of the experimental soil-cultivating rotary ripping-separating installation, the coefficient of structure is about 1,5 times higher than the working bodies without it, which provides more favorable conditions for embedding seeds in the soil. It was found that tillage using an experimental soil-cultivating rotary tillage-separating installation as part of the working bodies of which a flexible element in the form of a cable was applied allows us to improve the methods of pre-sowing tillage to improve its agrotechnical qualities.
Õàðüêîâñêèé íàöèîíàëüíûé òåõíè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà èì. Ï.Ì. Âàñèëåíêî, Õàðüêîâ, Óêðàèíà, gara176@meta.ua Ïðåäìåòîì èññëåäîâàíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîöåññ âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ðàáî÷èõ îðãàíîâ ðîòîðà ïî÷âîîáðàáàòûâàþùåé ðûõëèòåëüíî-ñåïàðèðóþùåé ìàøèíû. Îáúåêòîì èññëåäîâàíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ íîae ðîòîðà, òðàíñïîðòèðóþùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü êîòîðîãî îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ðàçìåðàìè áîðîçäêè, îñòàâëåííîé èì â ïî÷âå, ñ ôîðìîé ïîïåðå÷íîãî ñå÷åíèÿ, êîòîðàÿ áëèçêà ê ôîðìå òðàïåöèè. Ðàññìîòðåí ôèçè÷åñêèé ïðîöåññ âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñ ïî÷âîé íîaeà ðîòîðà ðûõëèòåëüíî-ñåïàðèðóþùåãî óñòðîéñòâà.  ïåðâîé ôàçå, ïðè çàãëóáëåíèè íîaeà â ïî÷âó ïåðåä íîaeîì îáðàçóåòñÿ íàðîñò ïî÷âû. Âî âòîðîé ôàçå ðàáîòû íîaeà ïî÷âà íàõîäèòñÿ ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì íàðîñòà, âåëè÷èíà êîòîðîãî óâå-ëè÷èâàåòñÿ äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà âíóòðåííèå íàïðÿaeåíèÿ â íåì íå äîñòèãíóò ïðåäåëüíûõ çíà÷åíèé è íå ïðîèçîéäåò åãî ÷àñòè÷íîå ðàçðóøåíèå.  òðåòüåé ôàçå âîçäåéñòâèÿ íîaeà íà ïî÷âó íàðîñò íà÷èíàåò îòäåëÿòüñÿ îò îñíîâíîé ÷àñòè ïî÷âû è ñáðàñûâàåòñÿ ñ ñåïàðèðóþùåé ðåøåòêè. Îïðåäåëåíû íàïðàâëåíèå è âåëè÷èíà ñìåùåíèÿ ïî÷âû, à òàêaeå ïàðàìåòðû è ôîðìà áîðîçäêè, îáðàçîâàííîé ïîñëå ïðîõîäà íîaeà. Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî íàèáîëüøóþ ñèëó âëèÿíèÿ íà òðàíñïîðòèðóþùóþ ñïîñîáíîñòü íîaeà ðîòîðà îêàçûâàåò òîëùèíà ïîäàâàåìîãî ñëîÿ ïî÷âû ê ðûõëèòåëüíî-ñåïàðèðóþùåìó óñòðîéñòâó è óãîë èçëîìà íîaeà ðîòîðà, íàèìåíüøóþ ñèëó âëèÿíèÿ îêàçûâàåò øèðèíà íîaeà ðîòîðà. Äîêàçàíî, ÷òî óâåëè÷åíèå òðàíñïîðòèðóþùåé ñïîñîáíîñòè ðîòîðà â íà÷àëüíûé ìîìåíò âõîäà íîaeà â ïî÷âó ìîaeåò áûòü äîñòèãíóòî, â îñíîâíîì, çà ñ÷åò ñíèaeåíèÿ âåëè÷èíû óãëà âõîaeäåíèÿ íîaeåé ðîòîðà â ïî÷âó. Ïðè âûïîëíåíèè ðàáîòû ïðèìåíåíû òåîðåòè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ìåõàíèêî-ìàòåìà-òè÷åñêîãî ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ðàáî÷èõ îðãàíîâ ñ ïî÷âîé. Èñõîäíàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ äëÿ îáîñíîâàíèÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîëó÷åíà ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî è ïóòåì àíàëèçà ëèòåðàòóðíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ. Àêòóàëüíîñòü ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òî óâåëè÷åíèå òðàíñïîðòèðóþùåé ñïîñîáíîñòè ðîòîðà çà ñ÷åò ñíèaeåíèÿ âåëè÷èíû óãëà âõîaeäåíèÿ íîaeåé â ïî÷âó äàñò âîçìîaeíîñòü íå èçìåíÿòü âåëè÷èíû ðàäèóñà è óãëîâîé ñêîðîñòè ðîòîðà, êîòîðûå îïðåäåëÿþò ýíåðãåòè÷åñêèå ïîêàçàòåëè ðàáîòû ðûõëèòåëüíî-ñåïàðèðóþùåãî óñòðîéñòâà. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ïðîöåññ, ðîòîð, ñåïàðèðóþùàÿ ðåøåòêà, êà÷åñòâî, ýíåðãîåìêîñòü, íîae, ïî÷âà, ôîðìà, àãðåãàò, êðîøåíèå.The subject of research is the process of interaction between the working bodies of the rotor of a soil-cultivating loosening and separating vehicle. The object of the study is a rotor knife, the transporting ca-pacity of which is determined by the size of the grooves left in the soil with a cross-sectional shape close to the trapezoid shape. The physical process of interaction with the soil of the rotor blade of a loosening and separating device is considered. In the first phase, when the knife is buried in the soil, a soil build-up is formed in front of the knife. In the second phase of the knife operation, the soil is under the influence of a build-up, the magnitude of which increases until the internal stresses in it reach the limit values and do not partially break it down. In the third ph...
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