Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the required physical and social attributes of open spaces and demonstrate the effects of these attributes on place dependency, which is the functional dimension of place attachment. In this context, the paper only focused on the effects of the physical and social attributes of the environment on the place attachment. Design/methodology/approach The general framework of the study design included the determination of the place attachment value for the space through identification of its physical and social attributes by the users. The research method included the evaluation of the physical and social attributes and the place attachment. Findings The study model demonstrated that the place attachment increased in successful urban spaces where user needs are met at a higher level. It was demonstrated that the social attributes, in particular the social environment, had a higher impact on the functional attachment of the users when compared to the physical attributes. Research limitations/implications The present study investigated the factors that affected place attachment in urban open spaces within the context of human–environment interaction and specifically in the context of Trabzon square parks. Practical implications The study findings are considered important for both urban planners and administrators, who are responsible for protection and development of urban spaces, and the users. Originality/value The present study attempted to investigate the effects of physical and social attributes of the place on place dependence.

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Problem Statement: The sense of belonging to school can be described as the perception of students as individuals, respecting their existence, and supporting them in the social environment of the school. Academic achievement is a factor that is related to the sense of belonging to school. In many studies the direct link was revealed between sense of belonging to school and school attendance, preparation for school, fulfilling the given tasks and homework, and active participation in social and sports activities. Another factor related to sense of belonging to school is "leaving the school". Due to all these reasons, valid and dependable measuring tools are needed for determining the primary school students' (10-15 years old) sense of belonging to school. Purpose of Study:This study developed a reliable and valid scale to assist in research related to the sense of belonging of students studying in primary schools in a Turkish context. Methods:The sample of this study is composed of 781 students attending the 6 th , 7 th , and 8 th grades of a primary school in Aydın. The sample was randomly divided into two parts. For the first half (N=387) explanatory factor analysis was carried out and for the second half (N=394) confirmatory factor analysis was performed. Students' personal profile form, social support appraisals scale for children, and UCLA Loneliness Scale were implemented for the students.

ÖzetKampüs peyzajı, kentin genel görünümünü etkilediği gibi gençlerin de dört yıl ya da daha fazla süre için yaşam alanıdır. Bu nedenle kampüs dış mekanları binaların dışında kalan boşluklar olarak görülmemeli ve gelişigüzel tasarlanmamalıdır. Aksine kampüs peyzajı; üniversiteli gençleri geleceğe hazırlanmanın ve kariyer gelişiminin getirdiği baskılardan uzaklaştırmalı, zihinsel dinginlik sağlamalı, sosyalleştirmeli, fiziksel aktivite olanağı sağlamalı ve öğrenme çevreleri olarak düşünülmelidir. Bu şekilde tasarlanan kampüs peyzajı eğitim ve öğretimin kalitesini de olumlu olarak etkileyecektir. Bu düşünceler doğrultusunda Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesinin çevresi tasarlanmıştır. Tasarıma başlamadan önce mevcut alanın mekânsal, işlevsel ve doğal peyzaj verileri analiz edilerek, alana ilişkin olumlu-olumsuz nitelikler ve kullanıcı ihtiyaçları ortaya konulmuştur. Orman Fakültesinin çevre tasarımı semantik, sentaktik ve pragmatik açıdan detaylı bir şekilde kurgulanmış ve tasarımın ana fikrini, formal eğitimin dış mekana yansıması oluşturmuştur.Sonuç olarak yapılan tasarımda okunabilirlik, işlevsellik ve estetiğin yakalanabilmesi için görsel basitlik ve görsel karmaşıklık arasındaki dengenin yakalanması amaçlanmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Peyzaj tasarımı, Kampüs peyzajı, Tasarım süreci Landscape Design of a Campus Outdoor Spaces: Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Forestry BuildingAbstract As a part of urban scenery, campus landscapes are regarded a living space for students for about four years. Therefore campus outdoor areas should not be treated and designed as a left over space of buildings. On the contrary, campus landscapes should be a place for university students to relieve from the stress of concern for the future and career development, as well as a place for mental composure, socialization, physical activity, and learning environment. Campus landscapes designed for these aims will also enhance the quality of education. With these thoughts in mind, the surrounding space of Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Forestry was designed. Before the design phase, spatial, functional and natural landscape data of the area were analyzed and, positive and negative qualities, and user needs were determined. Landscape design of the faculty was constructed in detail with regard to semantic, syntactic and pragmatics dimensions and "reflecting formal education to outdoors" became the concept of the design.In order to provide legibility, functionality and aesthetic quality of the resulting design, a balance between visual simplicity and complexity is concerned.

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Zoos help people to learn through exhibiting the relationships of animals in nature. Therefore, they have the important missions of education and protection of wild life. Most of these missions are achieved through visitors' experiences in exhibit areas. Therefore, it is important to understand visitors' experiences in the zoo and know the reasons that affect these experiences. Animals should exhibit normal behaviors actively to enable visitors to have positive experiences during their visits. For this reason, the design of exhibit areas is significant. The purpose of this study is to determine the visitors' perceptual descriptions in the zoos including different exhibit areas and their reasons to visit them. Thus, the role of the zoos in enabling visitors to learn nature protection and have environmental consciousness is explored correlating with zoo typologies. In this study, three zoos in different typologies in Turkey have been examined and it is conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the typologies of the zoos have been identified. In the second stage, a questionnaire has been conducted to find out the visitors' visiting aims, the extent they reached these aims, their level of appreciation and their perceptions on exhibit areas. The questionnaire has been performed with 450 zoo visitors, and there have been 150 visitors from each zoo. According to the results of this study, it has been explored that visitors visit the zoos mostly for "education" without considering the design approach. However, it has been found out that the design of exhibit areas affects visitors' level of appreciation and their zoo descriptions. It has been identified that as the level of appreciation increases, the level of reaching aims increases.

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