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In this review, we examine ‘greener’ routes to nanoparticles of iron oxides, in the recent years; nanotechnology
has emerged as a state-of-the-art and cutting edge technology with multifarious applications in a wide array of fields. Natural products or extracted from natural products. Such as different plant extracts, have been used as reductants, and as capping agents during synthesis. A very easy, efficient and environment-friendly protocol was developed to synthesize green
nanoparticles (NPs) with an aqueous extract of various plant, phenolic compounds extracted from plants play a major role as
a non-toxic reducing and capping agents for nanoparticle. Nanoparticles and their compounds are known to exert a strong
inhibitory and microbial activity on bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In today's world, because of the epidemic of infectious diseases caused by different pathogenic bacteria and the development of antibiotic resistance. Green synthesis, characterization,
and application of nanoparticles (NPs) are becoming an important challenge in nanotechnology. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is made in large quantities worldwide for a wide range of applications. This technique is very safe and environmentally friendly.
Mistletoe, Viscum album L., (VA) known as “Ökse Otu” in Turkey, is a hemiparasitic shrub that grows especially on the trunks and crowns of broadleaf trees. This study is aimed to determination of the VA’s antioxidant compounds and evaluate their in vitro activities growing on twelve different host trees and determination of in silico approach of compounds against survivin protein. At the same time, the active ingredients determined in HPLC analysis, were performed with molecular docking and molecular dynamics analysis on survivin protein, an apoptosis inhibitor protein in cancer. Antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts of organs of VA were determined. Phytochemical properties of different organs of VA samples taken from different hosts varied as well. Total phenolic content was determined at the highest rate in fruits, followed by leaves and branches, respectively. Total flavonoid content was determined in the highest amounts in the leaves, followed by branches and fruits, respectively. Antioxidant activity values were evaluated with DPPH (using DPPH as a radical), ABTS (using ABTS as radical cation) and FRP tests. The antioxidant activity of the branches of the plant was determined at the highest rate, followed by leaves and fruits, respectively. During in silico analysis, Quercetin, Rosmarinic acid and Catechin were found to bind to survivin protein effectively. These substances can have the potential to become active pharmaceutical ingredients by working with different proteins in the future.
Background
In silico studies further provided predictive binding properties of selected ligands for inhibition of target protein. In the study, molecular binding poses of Cucurbitacin-E and antioxidant enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of Galleria mellonella were determined in silico. Cucurbitacins are the most important components of Ecballium elaterium. The first cucurbitacin isolated from the plant was Cucurbitacin-E. In this study, the toxic effect of E. elaterium (L.) A. Rich. (Cucurbitaceae) fruit juice on G. mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae, which is known as a good model insect, was also detected, and its effect on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation was revealed.
Results
The plant fruit juice was tested on the target larvae of G. mellonella with different doses for 24 h. After the application, mortality rate, LC50, LC90 and LC99 values, the malondialdehyde (MDA) level and the activity changes of antioxidant enzymes were determined. Mortality increased with the increasing concentration of fruit juice. Also, increasing doses of essential oil caused decreasing in SOD, CAT, GST GPx, GR and AChE activities and increasing in MDA levels. As a result of in silico studies, maximum binding energy was obtained from G. mellonella CAT enzyme with Cucurbitacin E as a ligand.
Conclusions
This is the first study to demonstrate the in silico binding potential of Cucurbitacin E on G. mellonella enzymes. The results indicate that E. elaterium can be used against G. mellonella in a pest control program.
Graphical Abstract
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