Aims: In past, labour was extensively used in agriculture sector and there was huge surplus labour in agriculture sector. However, such trend has recently been changed where surplus labour in agricultural sector has reduced significantly and agriculture sector compete with non-agricultural sector in terms of hiring labour. Thus, the present study was undertaken to analyze the determinants of labour migration from agriculture sector to non-agricultural sector in Gopalganj district of Bangladesh. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at 12 villages of three upazilas (Gopalganj Sadar, Tungipara and Kotalipara) in Gopalganj district. For the study, data were collected during the period from January to March in 2021. Methodology: To this end, primary data were collected from agricultural labours. Descriptive statistics and simple random sampling technique were used in this study. Binary logistic model was used to analyze the collected data. In addition, five point likert scale was used to rank the barrier towards internal labour migration. Results: Results found from the logit model indicate that factors like family size, education, past experience, access to available information, transportation facilities, and savings are positively related with the log of odd ratio in favor of labour migration from agriculture sector to non-agricultural sector while wage rate, age, off-farm income and farm holdings are inversely related with labour transfer from agriculture sector to non-agricultural sector. In addition, respondents in the study area have recognized lack of proper technical training as the major constraint in labour migration with a mean value of 4.48. Conclusion: The present study recommends that government should take initiatives to open skill development institutions in rural level so that agricultural labour can take training. Regarding necessary information on non-agricultural jobs, it can be recommended that government, local agents and NGOs, in case of migration, should take proper initiatives so that agricultural labours can easily get information about non-agricultural jobs.
Aims: Although the income of the people of other sectors in the economy is relatively stable but the income of farmers are comparatively unstable. In addition, most of the previous studies analyzed partially the determinants of farmer’s income.Thus, the aim of the current study is to investigate the pattern of farmers’ income in Gopalganj district of Bangladesh. Place and Duration of Study: The present study was conducted in Gopalganj district of Bangladesh where 10 unions, 20 villages and 400 respondents were selected randomly. Data were collected during the period from January to May in 2022. Methodology: A multistage sampling technique was applied for the study where district and upazilas were selected purposively while unions, villages and respondents were selected using simple random sampling techniques. Primary data were collected from 400 farmers using a well-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and the log linear regression model were used as the analytical tools. Results: Result found from the descriptive statistics indicates that mean age of the respondents was 49.02 years whereas average educational attainment of the farmers in the study area was 5.72. In regards to the farming experience, it is found that average farming experience of the farmer was 5.07 years with maximum and minimum values were 25 years and 3 years, respectively. Regarding the household size of the respondents, the study showed that the mean family member was 4.82 with a standard deviation of 1.02. The study also indicates that 35.12% average income of the farmer obtained from non-farm sources while 64.88% average income obtained from farm sources.In regards to the farm income, it is found from the regression analysis that farm income is positively related with age, household size, education, farm size, agricultural training, access to credit facilities, membership of agricultural cooperative and distance to nearest market whereas the same is influenced by non-farm income. The findings suggest that variables like household size, education, household expenditure, access to internet and access to technical and vocational training has positive impact on non-farm income. In contrast, variables like age, farm size, distance from town, farm income have negative impact on non-farm income of the respondents in the study area. Finally, some policy recommendations are made based on the findings obtained from the study.
Modern agriculture is expensive as performing agricultural activities nowadays requires huge investment. But some farmers do not have sufficient money to purchase and use such modern inputs like power tiller, harvester, deep-tube wells, fertilizers and pesticides in many cases. In Bangladesh, farmers are always found to face difficulties in access to credit services from both formal and informal service providers. As a result, their productivity and growth are impeded by a lack of access to agricultural loans. To investigate this phenomenon, this study aims to analyze the scenario of formal credit sources and to identify the factors that influence the access for farmers to formal credit market in Naogaon district. Primary data used for the study were collected with the aid of well-structured questionnaire from farmers and bank officials. Multi-stage sampling techniques were used to select the 200 respondents. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a binary logistic regression model. The Likert scale was used to identify constraints regarding to credit acquisition from formal credit market. The results of the descriptive analysis showed that 6% farmers failed to repay their loan while 94% timely repay their loan. In terms of purpose of using agricultural credit, it is evident that 68% farmers use agricultural credit for managing their agricultural expenses while 17% respondents use loan for the purpose of paid their previous loan. In addition, 10% respondents use loans for the purpose of maintain their family expenses. Results found from the binary logit model indicate that farm size, education, farming experience, access to extension service, access to guarantor, own savings account are positively related with the log of odd ratio in favor of access to formal credit market while the same is influenced negatively by age, off-farm income and default on loan repayment. The farmers in the study area have recognized collateral security as the major constraint relating access to formal credit market followed by the lack of guarantor and bureaucratic complexity. It was recommended that the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers should be considered when formulating and implementing policies to improve farmers’ access to agricultural loans.
The study was undertaken to assess the extent and pattern of cultural change in Gopalganj district of Bangladesh. To this end, primary data were collected from the rural people from Gopalganj Sadar, Tungipara and Kotalipara upazila of Gopalganj district. A multistage sampling technique was used in selecting the respondent. Five-point Likert scale was used to evaluate the attitudes of the rural people towards cultural changes in the study area. Descriptive statistics, tabular as well as graphical techniques were used in analyzing the data. Result found from the descriptive statistics indicates that majority of the respondents were within the age group of 31-40 years whereas 21% respondents fall within the age category of 51-60 years. In regards to educational background, it is found that majority of the respondents completed their primary education and 17% respondents completed higher secondary education. Regarding the occupational status of the respondents, it is seen that 39% were involved with crop production whereas 16% were livestock farming. The empirical results show that 34% rural people strongly agree and 47% agree with the idea that there is a recreational change in rural society. In terms of the food habit changes, it is observed that 24% of the respondents strongly agree that the pattern of food habit has changed in rural society whereas 3% strongly disagree in this regard. Findings of the study show that 43% of the respondents agree that there is an occupational change in the rural society, and 11% were strongly agree with the statement. With respect to the changes in the communication pattern in rural society, the present study shows that 23% of the rural people agree and 59% strongly agree with the view that communication pattern has changed in the rural society. In the past, Jatra pala, radio and puthi path were the dominant source of recreation whereas facebook, you tube, mobile phone and colour television are found as the main source of recreation at present. In regards to the occupational pattern of the respondents, it is found that crop production and paid labour were the principal occupation of rural people in the past whereas at present mobile and servicing related business, computer and accessories related business, fast food business, poultry farming, internet outsourcing related occupation is found as dominant.
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