Hanging, the commonest method of suicide, is a form of violent asphyxia produced by suspending the body with a ligature round the neck. A total of 312 cases of suicidal hanging autopsied in this five years retrospective descriptive study spanning from January 2000 to December 2004 at Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC) morgue. The objective of this study was to evaluate the present situation, pattern of hanging, socio-demographic characteristics of victims and probable cause of suicidal hanging of studied population. Victims' mean( ± SD) age was (23.5 ± 11.7) years and highest number 146 (46.8%) of victims were from the age group 21-30 years. This study revealed that numbers of suicidal hanging cases were increasing day by day in the studied area (46 in 2000 and 82 in 2004). Out of 312 cases, 171 (55%) were female and 141 (45%) were male. Married cases were 165 (53%) and 204 (66%) victims hanged themselves at night. In 165 (53%) victims' stomach were found empty. Most of the cases 309 (99%) were complete hanging and majority 299 (96%) of the bodies were recovered from the living rooms. In two hundred and sixty nine (87%) cases had ligature mark at neck, 132 (43%) cases had fracture of hyoid bone and 45 (15%) victims had the fracture of thyroid cartilages and none of the victims had found spinal cord injury. Maximum number of victims 134 (43%) used ropes as ligature materials. Most common known 70 (23%) cause of self-suspension was quarrel between husband and wife.KYAMC Journal Vol. 4, No.-1, July 2013, Page 331-336

Abstract:With an objective to evaluate the impact of existing extracurricular activities at undergraduate medical and dental education in Bangladesh this descriptive study was designed and collected information conveniently from 515 students and 155 teachers from randomly selected medical and dental colleges of the country. The respondents (100%) supported more than one extracurricular activity for the medical and dental students. More than 65% were in favor of games, sports and cultural functions. Some students clubs are also popular among the respondents but only 10.8% respondents supported student politics. The respondents who were against student politics viewed that it hamper educational activities and disciplines in their institutes. About half the respondents (48.8%) were unsatisfied with the present academic activities in their medical colleges. Respondents advised to develop infrastructures, accommodation facilities, teaching aids, libraries, administrative supervisory in the institutes. They also demand more trained teachers, good students-teachers relationship to raise standard of the medical and dental colleges to a satisfactory level.

Objective: A simple, novel, sensitive, rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and validated for quantitative determination of atomoxetine HCl (ATH) in bulk and formulations.Methods: The chromatographic development was carried out on RP-HPLC. The column used as Xterra RP 18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μ particle size), with mobile phase consisting of methanol: water 80:20 V/V. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the effluents were monitored at 270 nm.Results: The retention time was found to be 5.350 min. The method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonization Guideline with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. The calibration curve was found to be linear over a range of 2–10 μg/mL with a regression coefficient of 0.9999. The method has proved high sensitivity and specificity.Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the proposed RP-HPLC method was simple, rapid, precise and accurate which is useful for the routine determination of ATH in bulk drug and in its pharmaceutical dosage form.

Background: Road traffic accidents (RTA) are responsible for greatest number of injuries and fatalities world wide by killing around 1.2 million people each year and injuring 50 million. Pedestrians are the most common victims of RTAs.Objectives: This study has been done to find out the epidemiological factors, socio demographic characteristics and the clinical injury pattern among pedestrians injured by Road Traffic Accidents in Dhaka City.Materials & Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study done from December 2015 to September 2016 at three tertiary level referral hospital in Dhaka. One hundred fifty two (pedestrians) were selected purposively as research sample with 95% confidence level and 5% confidence interval. The primary data was collected from the patients who were discharged from hospital by face to face exit interview using a semi-structured questionnaire.Results: Among 152 pedestrian victims interviewed; 88(58%) were male. Maximum accidents occurred at daytime 63 (41.45 %), and on city main roads 68 (44 %). Highest number of accidents were caused by buses 44 (36.09 %) and highest incidence of RTA 60(39.47%) was observed among the age group 21 to 30 yrs. Most of the victims 129( 84.85%) were knocked down by the vehicles while crossing the roads (hit and run injury), 114(75.00%) were from earning group below 15,000 taka per month, 121(79.61%) never use foot over bridge, 78(51.32)% were using mobile phone while crossing the road. 152(100%) victims had multiple abrasion and bruise, 94(61.84%) had lacerations, 64(42.10%) had fracture of upper limb bones, 53(34.87%) had fracture of lower limb bones and 53(34.87%) had haematoma in soft tissue over skull.Conclusion: Road accident and its severity can be prevented by strict application of traffic rules , motivation of public and proper training of drivers.KYAMC Journal Vol. 9, No.-1, April 2018, Page 11-15

Introduction: Forensic Pathologists are often performing autopsies in death investigation. There are five legally-defined manners of death namely natural deaths, accidental deaths, homicidal deaths, suicidal deaths and undetermined deaths. Natural deaths are those that occur from natural causes such as disease or old age rather than from violence or an accident. Objectives: To determine the socio-demographic profile of postmortem cases and to evaluate information regarding manners of deaths as determined by those cases. Methods: This record based cross-sectional study of postmortems performed at the mortuary of the Department of Forensic Medicine; Dhaka Medical College (DMC) was conducted during the period of January 2006 to December 2006. Most of the victims were brought to DMC morgue from south-eastern part of Dhaka district. A total of 3012 autopsies were analyzed during the period. Morgue caters 18 police stations under Dhaka city. Data were collected using a pre-designed schedule from Post mortem registers and reports. All the data were collected in a predefined data collection sheet and necessary statistical analyses were performed by using the computer software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) for window 17.0 and were expressed in frequency and percentage. 19 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 9, No 2 (December) 2013 Results: A total of 3012 postmortems were studied. Of them 1640 (54.45%) cases were of accidents, 722 (23.97%) cases were of suicide, 542 (17.99%) cases were of homicide, 84 (2.79%) cases were of undetermined and 24 (0.80%) cases were of natural deaths. Most of the postmortem cases were in the age group of 20-40 (54.71%) years, which is the most productive period in life cycle followed by 24.90%, 15.50% and 4.89% in the age group of 0-20 years, 41-60 years and 60 years respectively. Of them 2258 (74.97%) were male and rest 754 (25.03%) cases were female. Conclusion: Accidents, mainly Road Traffic Accident (RTA) and railway accidents, comprise a major manner of death which reduces the most productive period in the life cycle causing serious effects in socio-economic development of the country. RTA can be prevented by specific preventive measures and also by taking personal precautions. Suicide is the second commonest manner of unnatural death flanked by accident and homicide. It is not feasible to draw a concrete conclusion. Homicide is a relatively rare offence than accidents or suicides but it is one of the most notifiable crimes in the country as they are widely publicised by the media due to their severity and visibility. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v9i2.21820 Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.9(2) 2013

Introduction: There are two manners of death: Naturalwhere death is entirely caused by disease or ageing process, where poison or trauma does not take part to cause it and Unnatural- where death is sudden, suspicious, unexpected, litigious, unexplained and unattended either due to poison or trauma. Accident, homicide and suicide are the three unnatural manners of death. Death due to intentional injuries such as homicide or suicide and unintentional injuries of accidental manner, such as in transportation injury or industrial or machinery mishaps constitute unnatural deaths. Suicidal deaths are the acts or an instance of taking one’s own life voluntarily and intentionally especially by a person of years of discretion and of sound mind. Objective: To ascertain the medico-legal issues and sociodemographic profile of suicidal death cases occuerd in Dhaka City. Materials and Methods: A record based cross sectional study of postmortems was performed at the mortuary of the Forensic Medicine Department of Dhaka Medical College (DMC) from August 2009 to July 2010. A total of 3,337 cases brought to DMC mortuary from the south-eastern part of Dhaka district during this period were included in this study and thereafter 827 suicidal deaths were considered for this study. Results: A total of 3,337 unnatural deaths (accidents, suicide and homicide) were reported at the mortuary of the Forensic Medicine Department of Dhaka Medical College (DMC) during the period of August 2009 to July 2010. This study revealed that 827(24.78%) individual committed suicide out of 3337 cases. There was a predominance of Muslims 779(94.19%), males 481(58.16%) over females 346(41.84%) in committing suicide. Majority of the victims belonged to the age group of 21-30 years in both sexes. Out of these suicidal cases, 318(38.45%) victims committed suicide by hanging. The other methods used for suicide were Organophosphorus compound poisoning (OPC) by 238(28.79%) victims, poisoning from other substances like Opiates, Ethanol, Methanol, Rodenticide, Barbiturate etc by 267 (32.28%); 3(0.36%) cases were identified as burn and 1 (0.12%) by firearm. Conclusion: Suicide is the second most common manner of unnatural death flanked by accident and homicide. Suicide is one of the most multifaceted and media-sensitive phenomena. Suicide by hanging is an increasingly common method. All stakeholders such as government along with private agencies, non-government organizations, public health departments, social workers, community, religious leaders and media can take a leading step to prevent suicide Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.13(1) 2017: 33-36

Abstract:Interaction between saving and investment has been a major concern to the economists and there exists substantial debate over the nature of long run relationship between them. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to examine the dynamic linkages between saving and investment in Bangladesh using annual time series data covering the period from 1980 to 2014. The stationarity of the data is examined by using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root tests. This paper applied the Johansen-Juselius cointegration test to examine the long run relationship between saving and investment. In order to show the direction of causal relationship between saving and investment, the widely used Granger causality test has been used. The unit root tests revealed that both saving and investment are non-stationary at level forms and they become stationary after taking their first difference. The Johansen-Juselius cointegration analysis suggests that, there exists a long run relationship between saving and investment as it is confirmed by both the Trace and Maximum Eigen-value test statistics. Results found from the Granger causality test suggests that unidirectional causality running from saving to investment existed in Bangladesh over the sample period for a lag length of two periods. Based on the results, pursuance of policy measures towards mobilizing domestic saving is recommended.

Background: COVID-19 is an emerging infectious disease which has created a global health emergency status. It is now super spreading in the community of Bangladeshi population causing morbidity and mortality amongst masses. Objectives: The aim of this study is to find out the knowledge, attitude and practices of medical college students and their family members towards the Covid-19. Materials & Methods: This online cross sectional study was conducted from the 15 April to 30 April 2020 during the lockdown period in Bangladesh. Collected data was analyzed by using SPSS IBM version 22.0. Results: A total of 517 responses were obtained. The majority of the population 326 (63.06%) were female and 352 (68.09%) belonged to an age group of 21-30 years. This study has revealed that 412(79.69%) believe COVID-19 affect all age group, 311(60.15%) thinks that it affect the elder people seriously, 215(41.59%) thinks specific treatment is not available for COBID-19, Greater part of respondents 256(49.52%) says COVID-19 infection is preventable, 452(87.43%) gives positive opinion about government lockdown to avoid further spread of infection and 402(77.76%) believes physical distancing is helpful to prevent spread of this disease. Regarding 14 days quarantine period 375(72.53%) give positive answer, 425(82.20%) says COVID-19 affects world economy badly, 298(57.64%) thinks the situation may be controlled soon. Conclusion: Since prevention is better that cure, hence an increasing need of awareness amongst the local population regarding COVID-19 is required. Further extensive survey studies are required in future that can provide supportive data in developing and implementing public health policies regarding COVID-19 pandemic in our country. KYAMC Journal Vol. 11, No.-4, January 2021, Page 166-170