In this study, the effect of electrical parameters such as current, pulse-on time, pulse-off time, their interaction, tool geometry, and cross-sectional area over the important machining responses such as metal removal rate, tool wear rate, surface roughness, and entry-exit deviation were studied while machining titanium grade 5 alloy with graphite tool electrode at negative polarity in sink electric discharge machining process. The experiment was designed with Taguchi's L27 orthogonal array with interaction between factors. The analysis of variance was used to check the significance of parameters effect. The data obtained were analyzed with signal-to-noise ratio analysis. Residual analysis was performed to check the fitness, and a regression model had been created and validated to relate the experiment factors with the responses. The model was found to be good after experimental validation. The ranking of influence of the factors over the responses was also presented.

Surface epithelial tumors are the most common neoplasms of the ovary. Among these, mucinous tumors accounts for 14% of ovarian tumors. Coexistence of mucinous tumor with other surface epithelial tumors is rare. We report here a rare case of mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary, with Brenner component in a 52-year-old post-menopausal woman who presented with chief complaint of mass per abdomen since one month and retention of urine since one week. Coexistence of these two tumors supports the theory of a common origin of surface epithelial tumors from coelomic or germinal epithelium, and therefore, it undergoes metaplastic change to transitional or urothelial-like morphology.

Cancer of breast is the second most common cause of cancer in women. In the present era, late marriage, late child birth, shorter period of breast feeding and nulliparity or low parity have contributed to increase in the number of cases. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a useful method for initial evaluation and diagnosis of breast cancers and it has the ability of providing necessary prognostic predictive information. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the accuracy of FNAC of breast lesions with histopathological correlation. To study the cytomorphological features of palpable breast lumps. To study the various cytological patterns in aspirates from breast lesions and to classify them into non-neoplastic, benign and malignant lesions. To correlate the cytology findings with subsequent histopathological diagnosis wherever possible. To establish accuracy and efficacy of aspiration cytology as an early and preoperative diagnostic aid. To compare the statistical analysis of present study with other contemporary studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study includes the study of aspiration smears of all cases referred to the Department of Pathology, Andhra medical college, Visakhapatnam from various outpatient departments from King George Hospital, with a palpable breast lesion. True cut Biopsy and Mastectomy specimens for Histopathological correlation RESULTS: Out of 952 analyzed cases benign lesions were 691(72.58%), malignant lesions were 146(15.33%),non-neoplastic lesions were common in the age group of 21-30 years, benign lesions in 21-30 years, and malignant lesions were common in the age group of 41-50 years. Majority of the patients were female with 913(95.90%) and male patents are 39(4.09%).The results of sensitivity (97.18%), specificity (98.74%), positive predictive value (97.18%) and negative predictive value (98.74%) with diagnostic accuracy of 98.26%. CONCLUSION: FNAC has been found to be a most valuable, cost effective and safe diagnostic procedure in the work up of breast lesions providing more direct information of underlying pathological condition. The present study support the view that FNAC of breast should be the initial diagnostic procedure in the evaluation of breast lesions to reduce the number of patients subjected to unnecessary surgical intervention.

Accurate pathological diagnosis of tumor mass before treatment and careful examination of specimen after the treatment are the two main objectives in the diagnostic process of neo-adjuvant retreated breast carcinomas.

BACKGROUND: Fibroids are benign smooth muscle neoplasms that may occur singly, but more often are multiple. Uterine tumors are the most common and the leading cause of hysterectomy in women. METHODS: The present study is a prospective study conducted in the department of pathology, Andhra Medical College, King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam in the period of one year, from March 2014 to March 2015. RESULTS: We received a total of 368 hysterectomy and 5 myomectomy specimens during this period, out of which, 249(66.7%) were single and 124(33.3%) were multiple. The age group ranged from 20 to 69. The most common location was intramural 243(65.1%) cases, subserosal were 51(13.7%), submucosal were 18(4.8%), cervical were 7(1.8%) and 2(0.5%) were broad ligament fibroids. The size ranged from as large as 19 cm to as small as seedling fibroids of size 0.1cm. Microscopically, the most common degeneration was hyaline degeneration 80 cases, 5 myxoid, 5 cystic and one case of chondroid degeneration. 6 cases showed calcifications. The most common age group was seen in the age group of 40-49 which were 207 cases (55.5%). 51(13.7%) cases were associated with adenomyosis. The results from our study were comparable with those reported in literature and provide a simple integrated pathogenetic view for further thinking, to establish new therapeutic options. CONCLUSIONS: The clinico-social and economic burden of uterine leiomyomas is increasing and requires future studies to clarify the etiopathogenesis and elaborate new and effective therapies for this condition.

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone involving predominantly metaphysis of the long bones. It accounts for 20% of primary bone cancers. Diaphyseal osteosarcoma is a rare form which accounts for approximately 10% of all cases of osteosarcomas. We present a case of Small cell variant of osteosarcoma in a 25 year old female presented in the diaphysis of left tibia.

Background: Anterior communicating artery, a short trunk connecting the anterior cerebral arteries is important in stabilizing blood flow by acting as collateral channel. The present study was conducted to note the variations in anterior communicating artery which may be one of the reason for formation of aneurysm.Materials and Methods: Anterior communicating artery was observed for its number, course, length and variations in 50 adult embalmed cadaveric brains after injecting with latex solution.Results: Duplication of anterior communicating artery was found in 4 specimens (8%) and it was absent in 2%. The course of ACoA was oblique in 54.2% and transverse in 45.8%. The length of ACoA was on an average of 2.82mm. The mean diameter of ACoA was 1.12mm. Fenestration of ACoA was seen in 4%.Median artery of corpus callosum was found in 1 specimen. Conclusion:Congenital anomalies of the intracranial arteries predispose to the formation of aneurysms due to an increased haemodynamic stress. Knowing the length, course and diameter of ACoA is important as it may guide radiologists in interpretation and neurosurgeons in microsurgical procedures.

Fibro-adenoma typically occurs in fully developed breast between the ages of 20 and 35 years and generally it is uncommon to find palpable breast masses in young adolescent patients. We present a case of a 13-year-old girl with a 20 × 20 cm, enlarging mass in left breast since three months, for whom resection and breast reduction was effectively achieved by total excision biopsy, preserving the nipple and areola. Fine-needle aspiration cytology showed a benign proliferative breast lesion. Histopathology revealed both intracanalicular and pericanalicular component with predominant pericanalicular pattern of fibroadenoma.