This study aimed to assess the level of HIV treatment knowledge, empathy, and HIV stigma of pharmacy students and pharmacists working with patients as well as potential factors associated with stigma. This survey included 250 hospital pharmacists within 33 provinces and 1013 final-year pharmacy students from Java, the most populated island in Indonesia. The data were collected via Qualtrics® and distributed by WhatsApp. The mean age of the participants was (Mean ± SD) 24.68 ± 5.30 years, and 80.0% were female. The mean knowledge score of students and pharmacists were 14.14 ± 2.01 and 15.39 ± 1.87, respectively, out of the maximum score of 21. The mean empathy score of students and pharmacists was 72.06 ± 5.39 and 77.40 ± 1.35, respectively out of the maximum score of 105. The mean stigma score of students and pharmacists was 21.02 ± 4.65 and 20.66 ± 4.41, respectively, out of a maximum score of 48. Regression analysis showed that knowledge, empathy, and willingness to counsel patients were negatively associated with stigma. Working with patients was positively associated with stigma. A multi-level intervention including education may reduce stigma and strengthen the role of pharmacists in caring for patients.

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Drugs are vital to saving and improving public health. However, medicines are often not available at the facility because stocks run out or in particular, pharmaceuticals are not available due to a shortage of supplies. Implementation of pharmacy services should ensure safe, quality, usable and affordable availability drug. A systematic review was conducted to identify related studies. Electronic databases used to identify relevant studies are, ScienceDirect, Plos, PubMed and Google Scholar. This study is limited to English and publications from 2007 to 2017. The electronic database search earned 33 articles while only six studies met the criteria for review. There is the relatively low availability of drugs in some developing countries and the average availability of generic drugs is better than Innovator Brand drugs, especially in the public sector. Most of the factors that may affect drug availability are related to government policies to improve drug access and lower prices so that national drug policy review in each country is required. Overall, the method used to measure the availability of drugs using a reference method used by WHO Health Action International. The availability of drugs in low, lower and upper middle countries still need to be improved by increasing drug access and enhancing prices by using appropriate government policies. The WHO HAI method is effectively used to measure the availability of drugs by using the core drug and supplementary drug references by the established reference.

Objectives: This study aims to analyze the of drug costs for patients with chronic diseases in the capitation system in public primary health cares (Public PHCs). Materials and Methods: This research is a quantitative study with an observational cross-sectional approach at 16 Public PHCs. Data collection used the retrospective method. The total sample was 293 outpatients in 2016. Results: The results showed that 63% of patients are female. The most patients are aged between 56-65 years (37%). The average drug cost for patients receiving more than 3 types of drugs is IDR 7,726. The biggest drug cost is patients with DM type 2 with which the average cost is IDR 7.400. And the metformin treatment is 17 (6%) patients with the cost IDR 4,500,-. Chi-square analysis shows that the quantity of drug items, type of disease and prescriptions there are have significant effect on drug cost (p-value <0.05). However, gender and age group there are no significant effect on drug cost (p-value >0.05). Drug prescriptions are an important component in managing chronic diseases patients. Prescribing costs provide important information in the sustainability of the management of chronic disease programs. Conclusion: This study recommends that the prolanis policy in public PHCs is focused on the elderly age group patients and female group. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(4) 2021 p.762-767

Non-medical healthcare professionals, including pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, nutritionists, and radiographers, have a high risk of  COVID-19 infection during work. Personal protective equipment use has shown effective in preventing virus transmission. This study aimed to investigate the compliance with personal protective equipment use and identify the factors that may influence their compliance. The study was designed cross-sectionally, with a self-administered questionnaire. The respondents were non-medical healthcare professionals recruited from covid and non-covid ward at Saiful Anwar General Hospital. The data were collected in November 2020. The questionnaire consists of four questions to assess compliance and eighteen questions to explore the factors that may relate to their compliance. This study used the Chi-square test to differentiate the level of compliance between two groups and binary logistic regression to analyze factors that may influence the compliance. Most participants in this study were female (84.8%), with a median age of 33 (23 – 57) years. More than 80 % of participants worked in the non-covid ward. Only one-fifth of participants had work experience of more than 15 years. The compliance with personal protective equipment was 67.3%. In univariate analysis, factors that influenced the compliance were difficulty using, removing, and disposing of personal protective equipment, lack of training and regular monitoring, unsure about the effectiveness of personal protective equipment, uncomfortable in donning personal protective equipment. Co-workers never reminding themselves to use personal protective equipment also influence compliance. In the multivariate analysis, the difficulty of using, removing and disposing of personal protective equipment (OR 2.83 (0.730 – 3.478), p=0.025) significantly influenced compliance with personal protective equipment use.

Objectives: This study assessed the current state of pharmacy management information systems in Indonesia and systematically determined the improvements needed from the stakeholders’ perspective.Methods: This descriptive study used focus group discussions and observations in 13 institutions, and 17 respondents were selected by purposive sampling. The PIECES (performance, information, economy, control, efficiency, service) framework was used to help identify needs. The research was conducted from September 2021 to November 2021 at primary health centers and health offices in Yogyakarta, Indonesia and involved pharmacists and information systems staff.esults: There was no standardized information system in place to support drug management and no format or rules for drug labeling (performance). Pharmacists were not able to provide non-prescription services outside the pharmacy warehouse (information). A new system needs to be developed, and budget availability needs to be determined (economy). System security decreases when users share accounts (control), and the existing systems have not been integrated as needed (efficiency). It is first necessary to plan and support regulations for system development (service). The authors formulated a recommended drug labeling format and a proposed system integration plan.Conclusions: The development of an information system to support drug management is eagerly awaited by pharmacists in Indonesia to assist in their work. Further research on the development and implementation of an information system is needed to improve the quality of drug management at primary health centers.

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The function of pharmacy services has been expanded becomes patient-centered care. Pharmacy services are an important part of creating provider-patient relationships which are currently a popular indicator of healthcare quality. Customer loyalty reflects a strong and positive relationship between customers and service providers The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanism of pharmacy services, patient emotions, satisfaction and trust in influencing patient loyalty. In addition, determines the mediating role of emotional factors, satisfaction and trust. A cross sectional survey has been conducted in outpatient department. The purposive sampling method were used in this study. A total of 300 respondents from six referral hospitals were interviewed. The partial least square-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach were performed to data analysis. Pharmacy service has a significant effect on positive emotions, satisfaction and trust. The satisfaction has a positive effect on trust and patient loyalty. Trust has a significant influence on patient loyalty. Positive emotions has a positive effect on patient loyalty. Furthermore, positive emotions, satisfaction and trust have a full mediating role. The satisfaction has a partial mediating effect in the relationship between pharmacy service and trust. Trust has a partial mediating effect in the relationship between satisfaction and patient loyalty. Pharmaceutical services have an indirect effect on patient loyalty. These findings emphasize the importance of the pharmaceutical services contribution in building relationships with patients.