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A comparison of NMOS and PMOS input driving dynamic comparator is carried out in 45nm technology. NMOS driving dynamic comparator shows lesser delay and consumes less power as compared to PMOS driving comparator. The advantage of the later is the noise immunity at higher frequencies. The normalized energy-noise-delay-product (ENDP) for NMOS dynamic comparator and PMOS dynamic comparator is 2.08 and 4.48, respectively.

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The design of a 4-bit encoder with a bubble error correction of first order is described in this study. Since encoder restricts speed of the flash analogue-to-digital converter (ADC), therefore, an improved and faster encoder is an essential requirement to push its limits. Encoder is divided into two parts: one-hot code generator [or bubble error corrector (BEC)] and binary encoder. Binary encoder proposed in this study is the modified Fat-Tree encoder of types I and II. Three types of BECs which have been compared in this study are OR gate based, NAND gate based and the proposed BEC. The proposed BEC consumes less power and provides better speed as compared to NAND based and OR gate based BECs. It can be further employed for higher order bubble correction as well. The proposed BEC consumes dynamic power of 87.071 μW and leakage power of 18.3563 pW exhibiting the delay of 38.3 ps with 1.8 V supply voltage and 1 GHz clock frequency. It has a power-delay product of 3.335 fJ, energy-delay product of 127.7305 Js and an intrinsic area of 4.753 mm 2 .

Application-Specific ICs (ASIC) are manufactured in bulk for a long time. In this paper, an approach to High-Speed Application-Independent IC (HS-AIIC) design is discussed. A resolution-selective (RS) and resolution-adaptive (RA) 8-bit Flash ADC are designed for use in various high-speed applications. With the choice of resolution, one can work with the trade-off between speed, power consumption, and resolution for a particular application. The proposed resolution selection algorithm can be implemented for any set of resolutions for a flash ADC design. Further, an adaptive block is added to make the ADC design adaptive in nature so that we do not have to select a particular resolution manually. The proposed design entrusts on saving manufacturing cost and increases the functionality of ADC on a single chip. Proposed resolution adaptive 8-bit flash ADC design dissipates 512[Formula: see text]mW of power with an ENOB of 7.56 bits and SNDR of 46.27[Formula: see text]dB for 1[Formula: see text]GHz sampling clock pulse.

In developing countries, lack of functional storage facilities, inadequacy of transportation and communication gap increases the necessity of using certain chemical additives for the purpose of food preservation due to their cheapness. In such circumstances, food additives can be used to supplement the effectiveness of traditional methods of food preservation rather than to replace them. Response surface methodology was applied to find out the optimum levels of potassium metabisulphite and sodium benzoate and their response on sensory characters. The values of 7.30 for Agaricusbisporus, 6.31 for Agaricusbitorquis and 7.4 for Pleurotusostreatus reflected the optimum levels of score for color and 7.50 for A. bisporus, A. bitorquis and P. ostreatus for flavor and optimum value of 7.15 for A. bisporus, 7.40 for A. bitorquis and P.ostreatus for taste were obtained when citric acid 2 %, acetic acid 0.3 %, sodium chloride 5 %, ascorbic acid 0.01 %, potassium sorbate 0.1 %, potassium metabisulphite and sodium sorbate 0.075 % were used for preservation. An effective combination of chemical preservatives was developed for long term storage of three mushrooms in steeping solution. A minimum dose of 0.075 % potassium Meta bisulfite and sodium benzoate was found to be effective against browning without adversely effecting sensory properties during storage of 90 days.