OBJECTIVE: To review the current literature concerning the effects of physical exercise on several metabolic variables related to childhood obesity. DATA SOURCE: A search was performed in Pubmed/MEDLINE and Web of Science databases. The keywords used were as follows: Obesity, Children Obesity, Childhood Obesity, Exercise and Physical Activity. The online search was based on studies published in English, from April 2010 to December 2013. DATA SYNTHESIS: Search queries returned 88,393 studies based on the aforementioned keywords; 4,561 studies were selected by crossing chosen keywords. After applying inclusion criteria, four studies were selected from 182 eligible titles. Most studies found that aerobic and resistance training improves body composition, lipid profile and metabolic and inflammatory status of obese children and adolescents; however, the magnitude of these effects is associated with the type, intensity and duration of practice. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the type, physical exercise promotes positive adaptations to childhood obesity, mainly acting to restore cellular and cardiovascular homeostasis, to improve body composition, and to activate metabolism; therefore, physical exercise acts as a co-factor in fighting obesity.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of two different methods (clustering and multi-sets) on resistance training on heart rate variability (HRV) in young adults. A total of 31 volunteers were randomly divided into three groups: clustering (GCL), multi-sets (GMS) and control group (CG). Group and time interaction was identified (F(3, 28) = 36.71, P < 0.01), with reduction in CG (P = 0.01) and increase in GCL (P = 0.01) and GMS (P = 0.01). It was concluded that both clustering and multi-sets enhanced HRV after 8 weeks of resistance training in trained young adult males.

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Objective:To evaluate the influence of self-esteem on levels of body dissatisfaction among adolescent females. Methods:A group of 397 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years were enrolled in the study. The Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) was applied to assess body dissatisfaction. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was used to assess self-esteem. Weight, height, and skinfold thickness were also measured. These anthropometric data were controlled in the statistical analyses. Results:The multiple regression model indicated influence of "positive self-esteem" (R2=0.16; p=0.001) and "negative self-esteem" (R2=0.23; p=0.001) subscales on the BSQ scores. Univariate analysis of covariance demonstrated differences in BSQ scores (p=0.001) according to groups of self-esteem. Conclusion:It was concluded that self-esteem influenced body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls from Juiz de Fora, MG.

RESUMOObjetivo: Comparar a insatisfação corporal e o comportamento alimentar entre atletas adolescentes de diferentes níveis econômicos e competitivos. Métodos: Participaram da pesquisa 64 atletas com idade média de 13,64 (± 2,57), sendo 22 do sexo feminino e 42 do masculino. Utilizaram-se o Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) e o Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) para avaliar insatisfação corporal e comportamento alimentar, respectivamente. A classificação econômica foi obtida mediante aplicação do Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil (ABEP). Aplicou-se questionário qualitativo para avaliar dados demográficos como idade, sexo e nível competitivo. Resultados: Não se identificaram diferenças de insatisfação nem de comportamento alimentar entre os níveis econômicos e competitivos. Além disso, os níveis econômicos e competitivos somente modularam a variância do comportamento alimentar (p < 0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados do presente estudo permitem concluir que tanto a insatisfação corporal quanto o comportamento alimentar foram semelhantes entre diferentes níveis econômicos e competitivos em nadadores. ABSTRACTObjective: Compare the eating behavior and body dissatisfaction among adolescent athle tes from different economic and competitive levels. Methods: Sixty-four athletes participated in the study with mean age of 13.64 (± 2.57), 22 female and 42 male. We used the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) to assess body dissatisfaction and eating behavior, respectively. The economic classification was obtained by applying the "Brazil Economic Classification Criteria" (ABEP). Qualitative questionnaire was used to evaluate demographic data such as age, gender and competitive level. Results: No differences were identified for dissatisfaction or eating behavior between the economic and competitive levels. In addition, economic and competitive levels only modulated the variance of the eating behavior (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study allow us to conclude that both body dissatisfaction, and eating behavior were similar between different economic and competitive levels of swimmers.

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O comportamento alimentar inadequado (CAI) parece estar associado a diversos fatores. No entanto, a população de atletas, principalmente do sexo masculino, é carente de investigações deste tipo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar fatores de risco para o CAI em jovens futebolistas. Foram avaliados 271 futebolistas de Juiz de Fora/MG. Avaliou-se o CAI mediante aplicação do Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26). A insatisfação corporal foi verificada por intermédio do Body Shape Questionnaire. Aferiu-se massa corporal e estatura para calcular-se o índice de massa corporal, além de dobras cutâneas com o propósito de estimar a adiposidade corporal. Conduziu-se regressão logística binária para avaliar riscos sobre o CAI, incutindo nível de significância de 5%. Observou-se que somente a insatisfação corporal manteve-se associada ao CAI, tanto no modelo simples, quanto no ajustado para todas as variáveis (p < 0,05). Concluiu-se que a insatisfação corporal apresentou riscos para a manifestação do CAI.

The aim of our article was to review the current literature on the effects of metabolic (re) programming on childhood obesity. PubMed/MEDLINE was the data source used to track the studies. Descriptors applied: children obesity, epigenetic, metabolic programming, exercise and nutrition. The focus was to analyze and discuss the international findings on the theme. The gathering of the papers was performed between June and August 2014. The search of articles with the descriptors used found 33.054 studies. In all, 5.709 studies were selected by crossing chosen keywords. Among these, after careful reading of the titles, 712 papers were considered potential as references. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 50 studies were selected from 132 eligible abstracts. Most studies linked the development and treatment of obesity from epigenetically stimulated metabolic programming during the early stages of pregnancy and life. This review provides theoretical basis to the understanding that the programmed development of childhood obesity may be linked to early exposure to environmental factors, such as (nutrition and regular practice of exercise) and stimulus can epigenetically alter the modulation of the obesogenic metabolic behavior during pregnancy and the developmental stages of children and/or postpone the pathophysiologic disease stage to adulthood.