The scale development process is critical to building knowledge in human and social sciences. The present paper aimed (a) to provide a systematic review of the published literature regarding current practices of the scale development process, (b) to assess the main limitations reported by the authors in these processes, and (c) to provide a set of recommendations for best practices in future scale development research. Papers were selected in September 2015, with the search terms "scale development" and "limitations" from three databases: Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, with no time restriction. We evaluated 105 studies published between 1976 and 2015. The analysis considered the three basic steps in scale development: item generation, theoretical analysis, and psychometric analysis. The study identified ten main types of limitation in these practices reported in the literature: sample characteristic limitations, methodological limitations, psychometric limitations, qualitative research limitations, missing data, social desirability bias, item limitations, brevity of the scale, difficulty controlling all variables, and lack of manual instructions. Considering these results, various studies analyzed in this review clearly identified methodological weaknesses in the scale development process (e.g., smaller sample sizes in psychometric analysis), but only a few researchers recognized and recorded these limitations. We hope that a systematic knowledge of the difficulties usually reported in scale development will help future researchers to recognize their own limitations and especially to make the most appropriate choices among different conceptions and methodological strategies.
This study aimed to describe the cross-cultural adaptation of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance IntroduçãoAs pesquisas em relação à imagem corporal têm ocupado um lugar de destaque no cenário acadê-mico, sendo um tema recorrente em discussões nas áreas de Psicologia, Sociologia, Medicina, Pedagogia, Educação Física, entre outras.O conceito "imagem corporal" refere-se a um constructo composto, envolvendo, no mínimo, duas dimensões: a perceptiva -relacionada à estimativa do tamanho e da forma corporais, e a atitudinal -referente às crenças e aos comportamentos focados na aparência 1 . Campana & Tavares 2 caracterizam essa dimensão atitudinal da imagem corporal como sendo formada pelos componentes: insatisfação geral subjetiva -referente à (in)satisfação do sujeito em relação à sua aparência como um todo, componente afetivo -relacionado às emoções relativas à aparência física, componente cognitivo -referente ao investimento na aparência física e a pensamentos e crenças sobre o corpo, e o componente comportamental -relacionado a situações de evitação e checagem do corpo.O contexto cultural gera grande influência sobre a imagem corporal, sendo destacado como uma das principais fontes das quais emanam diversas atitudes em relação ao corpo. Alguns autores destacam que a influência dos padrões de beleza difundidos pela mídia são aspectos relevantes no que se refere ao desenvolvimento e à manutenção de transtornos alimentares e de ARTIGO ARTICLE
The objective was evaluating the psychometric properties of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) among Brazilian young adults of both genders. The sample was composed by 506 undergraduate students (295 females and 211 males), aged between 17 and 29 years old. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used for construct validity (N = 506). Correlations between the SATAQ-3 scores and those of the Tripartite Influence Scale (TIS) and Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) were used for convergent validity. Reliability was assessed through internal consistency (α) and reproducibility (test-retest) through comparison of the means obtained at two different time points and through intra-class correlation. The scale presented a factor structure composed of five factors, replicated in the confirmatory factor analysis with satisfactory values for the measurements of adjustment to the model. Correlations with the BSQ and TIS scores were rho = .52 and rho = -.35, respectively. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were satisfactory, and their stability was demonstrated. Brazilian SATAQ-3 had good validity and reproducibility, being indicated for use in samples of Brazilian youths.
RESUMO A pesquisa objetivou avaliar as qualidades psicométricas do Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) para adolescentes brasileiros do sexo masculino. A amostra foi composta por 357 jovens, com idade entre 10 e 19 anos. Os resultados evidenciaram que 32,8% variância dos dados foram explicados por um único fator e o instrumento foi capaz de diferenciar seus escores em função do estado nutricional (p<0,05), além de correlacionar-se com as medidas de insatisfação corporal (rho=0,50). Confirmou sua consistência interna (α>0,88), não registrando diferença entre os escores (teste-reteste) (p<0,68) e apresentando o coeficiente de correlação intra-classe de 0,93. Concluiu-se que o EAT-26 comprovou suas qualidades psicométricas para o grupo estudado.
Objective: To investigate the association of body dissatisfaction (BD), degree of psychological commitment to exercise (DPCE), usual level of physical activity (LPA), body mass index (BMI), fat percentage (%F) and ethnicity with inappropriate eating behavior (IEB) in adolescents.Methods: Cross sectional study with 362 adolescents aged between ten and 19 years old, of both genders, selected by stratified sampling. The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) was used to assess the IEB. In addition, Body Shape Questionnaire, Commitment Exercise Scale and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire were applied in order to assess BD, DPCE and LPA, respectively. Statistical treatment included multivariate analysis and multiple regression.Results: BD, DPCE, BMI and %F were significantly associated with EAT-26 subscales scores for both genders. The statistical values were different between genders.Conclusions: body dessatisfaction and BMI seemed to be strongly associated with the different constructs of eating behavior in both sexes. Key Leonardo de Sousa Fortes et al RESUMENObjetivo: Averiguar la asociación de la insatisfacción corporal (IC), del grado de comprometimiento psicológico al ejercicio (GCPE), del nivel habitual de actividad física (NAF), del índice de masa corporal (IMC), del porcentaje de grasa y de la etnia con el comportamiento alimentar inadecuado (CAI) de adolescentes.Métodos: Investigación transversal, en la que participaron 362 jóvenes de ambos sexos, con edades entre 10 y 19 años, seleccionados por muestra estratificada. Se utilizó el Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) para evaluar los CAI. Además, se utilizó el Body Shape Questionnaire, la Commitment Exercise Scale y el International Physical Activity Questionnaire para evaluar IC, GCPE y NAF, respectivamente. Se condujo análisis multivariado y regresión múltiple para analizar los datos.Resultados: Los resultados evidenciaron que la IC, el GCPE, el IMC y el porcentaje de grasa se asociaron significativamente (p<0,05) con los escores de las subescalas del EAT-26, tanto en el sexo femenino como en el masculino. Los valores indicativos de estas asociaciones fueron distintos entre los sexos.Conclusiones: El IC y el IMC parecen ser los factores más fuertemente asociados a los distintos constructos del comportamiento alimentar de ambos sexos.
rESUMoO objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a insatisfação corporal de adolescentes atletas e não atletas. Foram avaliados 58 atletas e 61 não atletas do sexo masculino, com idade média de 15 ± 2,12 e 16 ± 1,67 anos, respectivamente. Aplicou-se o Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) para mensurar a insatisfação corporal. O índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi obtido pela razão entre a massa corporal (kg) dividida pela estatura (m) elevada ao quadrado (IMC = massa corporal/ estatura²). Utilizou-se o software SPSS 17.0 para análise dos dados por meio de estatística descritiva, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, qui-quadrado de Pearson e ANCOVA. Os resultados apresentaram diferenças de pontuações no BSQ e de prevalência de insatisfação corporal entre os grupos de atletas e não atletas (p < 0,05). Concluiu-se que adolescentes não atletas são mais insatisfeitos com peso e aparência corporal, além de apresentarem maior prevalência desse fenômeno comparado aos atletas de futsal e natação do sexo masculino.
The Breast Size Satisfaction Survey (BSSS) was established to assess women's breast size dissatisfaction and breasted experiences from a cross-national perspective. A total of 18,541 women were recruited from 61 research sites across 40 nations and completed measures of current-ideal breast size discrepancy, as well as measures of theorised antecedents (personality, Western and local media exposure, and proxies of socioeconomic status) and outcomes (weight and appearance dissatisfaction, breast awareness, and
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