RESUMO -O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver escalas de silhuetas para crianças e adultos brasileiros de ambos os sexos e iniciar a avaliação de suas qualidades psicométricas. Foram fotografados adultos e crianças com Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) previamente conhecidos, desenhadas as silhuetas e construídas as escalas por computação gráfica. Para avaliação da fidedignidade, procedeu-se ao teste-reteste com intervalo de um mês. As escalas foram aplicadas e reaplicadas a 90 adultos (18 a 60 anos) e 69 crianças (7 a 12 anos). As escalas apresentaram coeficientes de correlação entre teste e reteste positivos e significativos para o IMC real e IMC percebido como atual por adultos (r=0,84; p<0,01) e crianças (r=0,61, p<0,01). Concluiu-se que as escalas desenvolvidas constituem instrumentos apropriados à aplicação clínica e epidemiológica para avaliar a percepção da imagem corporal de crianças e adultos brasileiros.Palavras-chave: imagem corporal; escalas de silhuetas; fidedignidade. A Figure Rating Scales for Brazilian Adults and Children:Development and Test-Retest Reliability ABSTRACT -The aim of this work was to develop figure rating scales to evaluate the body image of Brazilian adults and children. Adults and children with known Body Mass Index (BMI) were photographed and had their silhouettes drawn. Based on that, the scales were made by computer graphics. To evaluate the reliability of the scales, test-retest was applied with a gap of one month. Participants included 90 adults (18-60 years old) and 69 children (7-12 years old) of both genders. The instruments presented positive and significant correlations between test and retest for the actual BMI and those perceived as current by adults (r=0,84; p<0,01) and children (r=0,61, p<0,01). It was concluded that the developed scales represent useful instruments for clinical and epidemiological research involving body image perception of Brazilian adults and children.Key words: body image; figure rating scale; reliability. A imagem corporal constitui relevante tema associado às questões referentes ao peso corporal, aos transtornos alimentares e, consequentemente, à qualidade de vida através do bem estar proporcionado pela satisfação corporal (Cash, 2004;Leonhard & Barry, 1998;Thompson, 1996). É reconhecido o papel da insatisfação com a própria imagem corporal nos distúrbios alimentares e na produção do estresse característico da vida moderna, outro importante fator sociocultural associado ao quadro de morbimortalidade atual

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between body mass index and selfperception of body image. METHODS:A study was carried out in a sample comprising 106 female and male university students aged 18 years or more in Ribeirão Preto, Southeastern Brazil, in 2003. The Contour Drawing Rating Scale and Visual Analogue Scale were used to evaluate body image perception; the former was applied using two different psychometric methods. A body image questionnaire was used to assess the subjective component of body image. Subjects were classified according to body mass index. Statistical analyses were performed through variance analysis and Newman-Keuls post-hoc test. RESULTS:Most normal weight or overweight women (87%) overestimated their body size while obese women and all men (73%), regardless of their BMI, underestimated their body size. The differences of body image perception between men and women were statistically significant as well as the overall dissatisfaction with their perceived body size, revealed by a desired lower body mass index. Overweight women were more concerned and uncomfortable with their own body. CONCLUSIONS:Both men and women had a distorted self-perception of body image, underestimating or overestimating it. The study results suggest dissatisfaction of subjects with their body image as they desire to have leaner bodies.

Malnutrition continues to be recognized as the most common and serious form of children’s dietary disease in the developing countries and is one of the principal factors affecting brain development. The purpose of this paper is to review human and animal studies relating malnutrition to cognitive development, focusing in correlational and interventional data, and to provide a discussion of possible mechanisms by which malnutrition affects cognition.

DescritoresHábitos alimentares. Televisão. Promoção de alimentos. Propaganda. Consumo de alimentos. Qualidade dos alimentos. Dieta. Obesidade. Brasil. ResumoObjetivou-se analisar a quantidade e a qualidade de produtos alimentícios veiculados por três redes principais de canal aberto da televisão brasileira em três períodos do dia. Os produtos alimentícios, quando comparados a outros produtos, foram os mais freqüentemente veiculados, independentemente do horário ou do dia de gravação. A análise da qualidade dos alimentos veiculados mostra que a televisão promove, predominantemente, produtos com altos teores de gordura e/ou açúcar e sal. Concluise que a predominância de produtos com altos teores de gorduras e/ou açúcar pode estar contribuindo para uma mudança nos hábitos alimentares de crianças e jovens e agravando o problema da obesidade na população. AbstractThe main objective of the study was to analyze the amount and quality of food advertisement on Brazilian television in three different times of the day. The results showed that food products, when compared to other products, were the most frequently advertised, regardless of the time of the day in a given week analyzed. Television promotes food predominantly high in fat and/or sugar and salt. The large number of high fat and/or sugar and salt products advertised can contribute to changing food habits of children and teenagers, and increasing the incidence of obesity in the population. INTRODUÇÃOA televisão (TV) é o veículo de comunicação utilizado para o entretenimento e para a educação e representa a maior fonte de informação sobre o mundo, sendo capaz de transmitir aos mais diversos lugares e culturas dados sobre como as pessoas se comportam, o que vestem, o que pensam, como aparentam ser e o que comem.Nota-se significativo aumento do tempo gasto com o hábito de assistir à TV. No Brasil, adolescentes passam cerca de cinco horas por dia diante da TV. 5 Sabe-se que uma exposição de apenas 30 segundos a comerciais de alimentos é capaz de influenciar a escolha de crianças a determinado produto, 1 o que mostra que o papel da TV, no estabelecimento de hábitos alimentares, deve ser investigado. Diante da TV, uma criança pode aprender concepções incorretas sobre o que é um alimento saudável, uma vez que a maioria dos alimentos veiculados possui elevados teores de gorduras, óleos, açúcares e sal.Maus hábitos alimentares estão associados a diversos prejuízos à saúde, entre eles, a obesidade, cujos índices têm crescido nas últimas décadas como resultado de aumento no consumo de alimentos com alta densidade calórica e redução na atividade física. Há demonstra-

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OBJECTIVETo analyze Brazilian literature on body image and the theoretical and methodological advances that have been made.METHODSA detailed review was undertaken of the Brazilian literature on body image, selecting published articles, dissertations and theses from the SciELO, SCOPUS, LILACS and PubMed databases and the CAPES thesis database. Google Scholar was also used. There was no start date for the search, which used the following search terms: “body image” AND “Brazil” AND “scale(s)”; “body image” AND “Brazil” AND “questionnaire(s)”; “body image” AND “Brazil” AND “instrument(s)”; “body image” limited to Brazil and “body image”.RESULTSThe majority of measures available were intended to be used in college students, with half of them evaluating satisfaction/dissatisfaction with the body. Females and adolescents of both sexes were the most studied population. There has been a significant increase in the number of available instruments. Nevertheless, numerous published studies have used non-validated instruments, with much confusion in the use of the appropriate terms (e.g., perception, dissatisfaction, distortion).CONCLUSIONSMuch more is needed to understand body image within the Brazilian population, especially in terms of evaluating different age groups and diversifying the components/dimensions assessed. However, interest in this theme is increasing, and important steps have been taken in a short space of time.

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