Teaching Hospital. All details of the patients pertinent clinical history was obtained from case record file in the department. Results:Out of 27 cases, 18 cases (66.6%) were benign and 7 (26%) were malignant and 2 (7.4%) were inconclusive. Among the malignant lesions, primary tumors constituted 71.5% of cases while metastases were 28.5%. Most of the lesions were seen in the anterior compartment followed by the posterior compartment. Age range was 4 months to 70 years with a mean age of 35.5 years. Thymoma (8 cases) was the commonest lesion seen in mediastinum followed by germ cell tumor and neurogenic tumor. Conclusion:Benign mediastinal lesions are more common than malignant lesions with thymoma being the most commonly diagnosed mediastinal lesion.

Background: Breast cancer is the common malignant lesion in women. Fine needle aspiration cytology has high sensitivity and specificity and is a simple, rapid and safe method to diagnose breast lesions. The aim of the study was to categorize breast lesions and correlate the Fine needle aspiration cytology diagnosis with histopatholoical findings. Materials and Methods:This was a retrospective study done in department of Pathology of Institute of medicine, Trivuwan university teaching hospital, from January 2007 to December 2010. There were 1403 FNAC cases and 469 histopathology cases. Fine needle aspiration correlation with histopathology was done in 249 cases. All the cases were categorized according to risk for cancers: Unsatisfactory sample, Inflammatory breast disease Benign proliferative breast disease without atypia, Benign proliferative breast disease with atypia, Suspicious for malignancy and Malignant lesions. Results:Benign breast lesions were common in the age group of 21-30 years and malignant breast lesion common in the age of 41-50 years of age. In our study fibroadenoma was most common benign lesion and ductal carcinoma was the most common malignant lesion. The sensitivity and specificity of FNAC for malignancy were found to be 98.2% and 98.5% respectively. Conclusion:Fine needle aspiration cytology is highly sensitive and specific technique for diagnosis of most of the malignant and benign breast lesions.

Background: Carcinoma of breast has become the major public health problem among females in developing as well as developed countries. In Nepal it comprises 6% of total cancers cases and often diagnosed at advanced stage. Surgical removal or modiied radical mastectomy (MRM) is the most commonly used tools for disease management. The objective of this study is to identify the clinical, macroscopic and microscopic features of MRM specimens. Materials and Methods:This prospective cross-sectional study was carried out at Department of Pathology, Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal. Macroscopic and microscopic examination provided the tumor size, stage, grade, lymph node status, lympho-vascular invasion and perineural invasion. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS 16. Results:The study comprised 112 breast cancer patients of which 109 (97.3%) were females and 3 (2.7%) were males. Invasive ductal carcinoma no speciic type was the most common type of breast carcinoma. (84 cases) accounting 75% of total cases. Carcinoma with medullary features was second most common (6 cases) comprising 5.4% cases followed by lobular, papillary, apocrine, mucinous and NST mixed types. Grade II tumors were most frequent grade observed in 76.79% cases followed by Grade I (12.50%) and Grade III (10.71%). Conclusion:As a conclusion invasive ductal carcinoma was the most common histological type breast cancer and the tumors were found at T2 and N3 stage i.e maximum at grade II. Our study provides prognostic signiicance of histo-pathological information in breast cancer management. ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONBreast cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer among women in the developed as well as developing Pathak R 1 , Jha A 2 , Neupane PR 3 , Chalise S 2 , Basnyat AS 2 1 Department of Pathology, Nepal Medical college Teaching Hospital, Jorpati Kathmandu, Nepal. 2 Department of Pathology, Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal 3 Department of Surgery, Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal. countries and it has become the major public health problem worldwide with nearly 1.7 million newly diagnosed cases in 2012 representing 25% of all female cancers. 1,2 Among Nepalese women, breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer accounting 6% of total cancers in Nepal. 3 In Nepal, more than one quarter of the breast cancer is diagnosed in young female and many being diagnosed at an advanced stage with tumors showing more aggressive

Background: Tuberculous lymphadenitis is one of the most common causes of lymphadenopathy in developing countries. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has important role in the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytopathological patterns of tuberculous lymphadenitis and to correlate with Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining.Methods: FNAC of 126 cases diagnosed as tuberculous lymphadenitis over a period of three years were reviewed. FNAC findings were categorized into three patterns: pattern A- epithelioid granuloma without caseous necrosis, pattern B- epithelioid granuloma with caseous necrosis, pattern C- caseous necrosis without epithelioid granuloma. Chi-square test was done to correlate cytopathological pattern and acid fast bacilli (AFB) positivity.Results: Tuberculous lymphadenitis was most frequent in the age group of 21-30 years (40.5%). Most common lymph node involved was cervical lymph node (82.53%). The most common pattern observed was Pattern B- Epithelioid granuloma with caseous necrosis in 53.17% cases. Overall AFB positivity was seen in 34.92% cases. Maximum AFB positivity was seen in Pattern C- Caseous necrosis without epithelioid granuloma in 81.81% cases. Serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) was elevated in 66.66% patients.Conclusions: FNAC is safe and cost effective diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis. Ziehl-Neelsen stain for Acid fast bacilli and Serum ADA can be used as an adjunctive tool for the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis.

Background: Cervical lymphadenopathy is one of the most frequent clinical manifestations of patients attending outpatient department. The etiology of cervical lymphadenopathy varies from inflammatory condition to malignant lesion. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a safe, easy and quick diagnostic technique. It has become the first line of investigation in the evaluation of lymphadenopathy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the spectrum of lesions in cervical lymphadenopathy and role of FNAC in the diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy.Methods: This study was conducted over a period of two years (May 2015 to May 2017). 206 patients with cervical lymphadenopathy were included in the study.Results: Most of the cases were non-neoplastic (91.74 %) whereas (8.26 %) cases were neoplastic. The most common cause of non-neoplastic lymphadenopathy was reactive lymphadenitis. Histocytological correlation was done in 32 cases. The diagnostic accuracy of FNAC for metastatic carcinoma and reactive lymphadenitis was 100% and 93.75% respectively.Conclusions: FNAC is a safe, cost effective and reliable procedure to diagnose the causes of cervical lymphadenopathy.Med Phoenix. Vol. 3, Issue. 1, 2018, Page: 36-40

Introduction Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been defined as the retrograde flow of gastric contents into the esophagus. Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is one of the manifestations of GERD which can be diagnosed clinically by Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) and Reflux Finding Score (RFS). The aim of this study was to find the prevalence of laryngopharyngeal reflux in patients with GERD undergoing upper esophagogastroduodenoscopy. MethodsThis was a prospective cross sectional study and all the patients visiting author’s institute with GERD undergoing upper esophagogastroduodenoscopy were included. All the relevant data on history, examination, RSI scores, RFS scores and upper esophagogastroduodenoscopy findings were recorded in the standard proforma and data were analysed. ResultsA total of 205 patients with GERD and undergoing upper esophagogastroduodenoscopy were included whose mean age was 46.1 years. The female to male ratio was 1.3:1. The most common presenting symptoms in our study was hoarseness (97%) followed by coughing (90.7%). The mean RSI score was 11.6. The symptom prevalence of LPR was 23.4%. The prevalence in between age groups and gender was not significantly different. The mean RFS score was 9.5. The prevalence of LPR by RFS assessment was 64.4%, which is significantly more than the prevalence assessed by RSI (23.4%). ConclusionThe prevalence of LPR in patients with GERD by RSI was less than the prevalence by RFS. So both the tools need to be used simultaneously to make the diagnosis and not recommendable to use independently.

Background: Self-medication is a practice of using medications without prescription. It is a common practice in developing world like Nepal. The study aimed to assess the practice of self-medication in patients attending ENT and Head and Neck outpatient department of KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019- August 2021. Total 220 patients attending the ENT outpatients during the study period were enrolled in the study. Informed consent was taken from the patients. The semi structured pretested questionnaire was used to interview the patients by the trained medical doctor. Statistical analysis of data was performed by using Excel and SPSS. Results: Among the 220(8.7%) respondents’ 52.7 percent were males and 47.3 percent were females. Adults with age ranging between 30 to 44 were found to practice self-medication (34.5%). Most of them were house wives (25.9%).  The common reasons for practice of self-medication were mild illness (64.1%), and the main source of self-medication was chemist (73.6%). Conclusions: Self-medication is common practice in Nepal however our study indicates a decreasing trend of self-medication, especially in urban areas where access to health service is easy. The findings of the study indicate antibiotics are used more frequently as self-medication even in urban settings. This indicates misuse of access to medicines and can lead to rise of antibiotics resistant. So, we think national guideline should be prepared to make self-medication practice safe and rational.

Background: Otorhinolaryngological problems are very common among children. The pattern of ENT disorders varies from community to hospital depending upon the demographic, socioeconomic and health facilities available in that particular region.  The objective of the study was to evaluate and determine the hospital based prevalence of disorders of Ear, Nose and Throat among children. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in department of KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital during the period of 1 year from 15th June 2021 to 15th June 2022. 320 patients attending the ENT outpatients during the study period were enrolled in the study. Informed consent was taken from patient and attendant. Diagnosis was made on the basis of history and clinical examination. Results were expressed in numbers and percentage. Results: Among the 320 (3.66%) respondents (58.7%) were Males and (42.2%) were Females. Most of the children belonged to age group 0-5 years (56.25%), were living in Nuclear family (73.4%), belong to Middle upper middle class of family (43.1%). The most common ENT disorders were ear wax (32.5%) among otological disorders, pharyngitis (6.9%) among throat disorders and rhinitis (6.6%) among nasal disorders. Conclusions: The study revealed ear wax, pharyngitis and rhinitis were the most common ENT related disorders in our area. We can improve the rate of prevalence of ENT disorders by firstly raising awareness among people and then taking further steps to improve education and health system.