Background: Carcinoma of breast has become the major public health problem among females in developing as well as developed countries. In Nepal it comprises 6% of total cancers cases and often diagnosed at advanced stage. Surgical removal or modiied radical mastectomy (MRM) is the most commonly used tools for disease management. The objective of this study is to identify the clinical, macroscopic and microscopic features of MRM specimens. Materials and Methods:This prospective cross-sectional study was carried out at Department of Pathology, Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal. Macroscopic and microscopic examination provided the tumor size, stage, grade, lymph node status, lympho-vascular invasion and perineural invasion. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS 16. Results:The study comprised 112 breast cancer patients of which 109 (97.3%) were females and 3 (2.7%) were males. Invasive ductal carcinoma no speciic type was the most common type of breast carcinoma. (84 cases) accounting 75% of total cases. Carcinoma with medullary features was second most common (6 cases) comprising 5.4% cases followed by lobular, papillary, apocrine, mucinous and NST mixed types. Grade II tumors were most frequent grade observed in 76.79% cases followed by Grade I (12.50%) and Grade III (10.71%). Conclusion:As a conclusion invasive ductal carcinoma was the most common histological type breast cancer and the tumors were found at T2 and N3 stage i.e maximum at grade II. Our study provides prognostic signiicance of histo-pathological information in breast cancer management. ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONBreast cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer among women in the developed as well as developing Pathak R 1 , Jha A 2 , Neupane PR 3 , Chalise S 2 , Basnyat AS 2 1 Department of Pathology, Nepal Medical college Teaching Hospital, Jorpati Kathmandu, Nepal. 2 Department of Pathology, Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal 3 Department of Surgery, Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal. countries and it has become the major public health problem worldwide with nearly 1.7 million newly diagnosed cases in 2012 representing 25% of all female cancers. 1,2 Among Nepalese women, breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer accounting 6% of total cancers in Nepal. 3 In Nepal, more than one quarter of the breast cancer is diagnosed in young female and many being diagnosed at an advanced stage with tumors showing more aggressive
A total of 58 cases of cytologically conirmed breast carcinoma were included in this study and correlated with histopathological indings. Robinson's cytological grading was done on cytology smears and modiied Bloom-Richardson grading was done on histological sections. Correlation between these two grading was done by using spearman's correlation coeficient.Results: Cytologically, most common tumor was grade II (62.1%) followed by grade I (19%) and grade III (19%). Histologically, most common tumor was grade II (63.8%) followed by grade III (22.4%) and grade I (13.8%). High concordance rate was found in grade II tumor (80%) with absolute concordance being 65.9%. On cytology, cell dissociation and nuclear margin were determining features (p<0.005). Correlation between cytological grading and histological grading was statistically signiicant (p<0.005).Conclusion: : Robinson's cytological grading is the easy grading method that can be done on cytology smears of the breast carcinoma to achieve relevant information regarding aggressiveness of the tumor and to plan for neoadjuvant chemotherapy preoperatively.
Background: Urinary bladder cancer is classified as urothelial or non-urothelial. Ninenty percent of bladder cancer are urothelial and has propensity for divergent differentiation. Squamous differentiation is associated with unfavourable prognostic features. The aim of this study is to determine the significance of urothelial carcinoma with divergent differentiation in relation to tumor stage and lymphovascular as well as perineural invasion in radical cystectomy and partial cystectomy specimen.Materials and methods: This prospective study was done among 51 patients who underwent radical cystectomy or partial cystectomy at Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital from 1st August 2013 to 31st December 2015. Received specimen was grossed following standard protocol and histopathological evaluation was done in relation to tumor type, depth of invasion, Lymphovascular and perineural invasion.Results: Pure urothelial carcinoma comprises 47.1% of cases. Among the divergent differentiation, urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation was the commonest one (39.2%) followed by glandular differentiation (5.9%), sarcomatoid differentiation (3.9%), clear cell variant (2.0%) and squamous along with sarcomatoid variant (2.0%). Statistical significant correlation was found between urothelial carcinoma with divergent differentiation and tumor stage (p<0.012). Statistically significant correlation was also found between urothelial carcinoma with divergent differentiation and lymphovascular invasion (p=0.012) as well as perineural invasion (p=0.037).Conclusion: Most common divergent differentiation was squamous differentiation. Urothelial carcinoma with divergent differentiation was associated with higher stage and lymphovascular as well as perineural invasion. So it is mandatory to search for the divergent differentiation in urothelial carcinoma as this may be associated with unfavourable prognosis.
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