New 2(1H)-quinoxalinones and their hexahydro derivatives were prepared for investigating their antimicrobial and antiinflammatory activities. The study showed that thiosemicarbazide 6a derived from the hexahydro-2(1H)-quinoxalinone series has nearly the same antibacterial activity as the reference drug ciprofloxacin. Moreover, the 2(1H)-quinoxalinones bearing N-phenyltriazole (9a) or 4-chlorophenyl-2,3-dihydrothiazole (13b) moieties were the most active ones after 4 h with use of the rat hind paw edema method, whereas their antiinflammatory and ulcerogenic activities were comparable with the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib.
The pharmacokinetics of cefquinome were studied in healthy and Pasteurella multocida-infected rabbits after a single intramuscular (IM) injection at 2 mg/kg of its sulfate salt. Twelve female New Zealand white rabbits (2.0-2.5 kg) were used; six of them served as controls, and the other six had been infected with P. multocida; the experiments were conducted 1-2 days after nasal inoculation of P. multocida when rabbits showed the signs of respiratory infection. Plasma concentrations of cefquinome were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The values of elimination half-life, area under the curve, area under the first moment curve, and mean residence time were significantly lower in infected rabbits (0.48 hr, 4.54 hr*μg/ml, 3.63 hr* hr*μg/ml and 0.8 hr, respectively) than healthy rabbits (0.72 hr, 9.11 hr*μg/ml, 9.85 hr* hr*μg/ml and 1.1 hr, respectively), whereas total body clearance was significantly higher in infected than healthy rabbits. Therefore, P. multocida infection caused significant changes in some of the pharmacokinetic parameters of cefquinome in rabbits. These pharmacokinetic changes may affect dose regimen when used in P. multocida-infected rabbits.
This study was designed to determine ceftiofur sodium residues of different rabbit tissues after intramuscular injection at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg BW. A total of twenty-four healthy male New Zealand White rabbits were divided into two groups; the first group (n = 21) was injected with ceftiofur for five successive days, while the second group (n = 3) untreated (control). Liver, kidney, pectoral and thigh muscles, spleen, heart, blood and lung from each rabbit were collected at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 15th and 21st day post ceftiofur sodium treatment. Tissues were extracted and ceftiofur residues were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ceftiofur remained within the detectable level till the 5th day in most of the investigated tissues (liver, kidney, lung, heart, pectoral and thigh muscles) and serum, but still detected till the 7th and 9th day post treatment in lung and kidney, respectively. It can be concluded that rabbit muscles and livers could be consumed safely at the 3rd day post treatment with that dose, while, rabbit kidneys could be consumed safely at the 1st day post treatment with that dose without any hazards on consumers because the residual level is below the recommended MRL.
Tetracycline is one of the most important groups of antibiotics that have harmful effects on the consumers, therefore the public health safety against its residues represents a significant issue. This study aimed to estimate the effect of tetracycline hydrochloride on some hematological parameters, kidneys function tests as well as liver and breast muscle enzymes with special reference to the supposed withdrawal time of this drug in different rabbits' tissues (kidney, liver and muscles), following oral dose of tetracycline using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Tetracycline was administrated to eighteen rabbits directly into the stomach at a dose of 35 mg/kg BW once daily for five successive days. Samples were collected on the 1 st , 3 rd , 7 th , 14 th , 21 st and 28 th days after the last oral dose. The results revealed that, tetracycline caused a significant increase in the uric acid, urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities with no significant changes in the hematological parameters when compared with the control group. The residues remained in the liver and kidney for 7 days, while in muscles for 3 days only after the last oral dose of the drug. In conclusion, the disturbances in the biological parameters occurred by tetracycline administration in rabbits was transient and returned to normal after 7 days of last treatment. The withdrawal time of tetracycline was 14 days from the rabbit's tissues.
Epilepsy is a group of long-term neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures. The present study sought to investigate the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective Activity of Hydroalcoholic Phoenix dactylifera fruit extract (HAPD) and Pimpinella Anisum Oil (PAO) against Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and Maximal Electric Shock (MES) induced a seizure in mice. Mice groups were treated with HAPD1000 mg/kg, PAO 4 ml/kg. The onset of a seizure and generalized seizure were measured, followed by Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and antioxidant enzymes assessments. The potential of these substances to induce any neurological toxicity was also evaluated by using rotarod, forced swim test and horizontal screen test. The current study demonstrates that HAPD and PAO delay onset of the seizure and generalized seizure, also elevated GABA and antioxidant enzymes level and haven't any neurological toxicity. The current study suggests that hydroalcoholic Phoenix dactylifera extract and Pimpinella anisum oil have anticonvulsant, neuroprotective and antioxidant activity and can increase brain GABA level.
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