iabetes is a metabolic condition characterized by hyperglycemia and insufficient insulin production or activity. Since ancient times, the reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) has been utilized as a traditional herbal treatment. Aim of the study: investigate the effectiveness of Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE) to ameliorate hyperglycemia and liver/kidney functions in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Six groups of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were formed at random. Group 1: Normal rats with a normal diet. Group 2: Diabetic rats by injection Streptozotocin (STZ) and fed without intervention as a model control group, Groups 3-6: GLE, diabetic rats with intervention groups receiving GLE at doses of 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg BW via oral gavage for 28 days. After GLE intervention, blood samples were tested for changes in hyperglycemia, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin, liver, and kidney functioning. Results: Within the first two weeks of GLE intervention, blood glucose levels were reduced, and insulin levels in diabetic rats in the GLE group were considerably higher at four weeks than in the positive control group. Furthermore, it was discovered that GLE intervention significantly improved the liver and kidney functioning of diabetic rats. Conclusion: This research suggests that GLE consumption may help reduce blood glucose levels by boosting insulin production. Meanwhile, GLE therapy was linked to a reduction in diabetes problems in type 2 diabetic rats by improving their liver and renal functioning.

Chemotherapeutic agent, busulfan, induce oxidative stress as a mechanism to kill cancer cells, however, it may also cause oxidative stress in non-target tissues and thereby lead to normal tissue injury. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) has been used for centuries as a herbal drug. The present study was carried out to investigate the potential effects of wild Silybum marianum seed ethanol extract (SMSEE) intervention on oxidative stress induced by busulfan drug in different organs of Rats. For the study 42 rats were prepared and fed with special ration, then they were divided to 7 groups with 6 rats in each group: group 1, Normal control: healthy rats without intervention; group 2.control SMSEE, 400 mg/kg/day SMSEE; group 3, positive control group received 20 mg/kg/day busulfan, group 4, treated group received 20 mg/kg/day busulfan + 200 mg/kg/day SMSEE; group 5, treated group received 20 mg/kg/day busulfan+ 400 mg/kg/day SMSEE; group 6, treated group received 20 mg/kg/day busulfan + 600 mg/kg/day SMSEE; group 7, treated group received 20 mg/kg/day busulfan + 800 mg/kg/day SMSEE. The amount of oxidative stress parameters (ROS and MDA), glutathione fractions (GSH and GSSG), and antioxidant enzymes (GSH-Px, GSH-Rd, SOD and CAT) in the different tissue extracts (liver, kidneys, heart, spleen, pancreas and testes) were measured. The results of this study showed that after busulfan treatment the levels of ROS and MDA were significantly (p≤0.05) increased and GSH, GSSG, GSH-Px, GSH-Rd, SOD and CAT were decreased in all studied organs. Treatment of busulfan administration rats with SMSEE leads to the opposite direction by different rates. In conclusion, the use of busulfan in rats administration induce oxidative stress in different organs and SMSEE had an preventive role through decreasing the ROS and the lipid peroxidation, and improvement the oxidative defense system. These results provide a basis for the use of Silybum marianum extracts as promising tools in the future for many important nutritional and therapeutic applications.

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n ayurvedic medicine, herbal plants as ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) were used as a powerful plant to cure many of diseases. The present study was carried out to evaluate the protective effect of fortified cake by different concentrations of ashwagandha root powder against sodium arsenite induced toxicity in rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing (120 ± 10g).Rats classified into to five groups (6 rats). The first group was kept as a negative control and fed on the basal diet only. Other four groups were administered sodium arsenite at a single dose of 5 mg/kg/day to induce toxicity injury. One of these groups left as positive control (group 2). The third group was treated with 100% wheat flour fortified cake. The fourth group was treated with 10 % ashwagandha powder fortified cake. The fifth group was treated with 20 % ashwagandha powder fortified cake. Laboratory analysis showed that fortification with ashwagandha inhibited the levels of liver injury biomarkers, also improved the kidney function enzymes. These results suggested that ashwagandha has a powerful antioxidant effect which can reduce organ injury through its ability by scavenge the free radical.

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