A computational model of the entire cardiovascular system is established based on multi-scale modeling, where the arterial tree is described by a one-dimensional model coupled with a lumped parameter description of the remainder. The resultant multi-scale model forms a closed loop, thus placing arterial wave propagation into a global hemodynamic environment. The model is applied to study the global hemodynamic influences of aortic valvular and arterial stenoses located in various regions. Obtained results show that the global hemodynamic influences of the stenoses depend strongly on their locations in the arterial system, particularly, the characteristics of hemodynamic changes induced by the aortic valvular and aortic stenoses are pronounced, which imply the possibility of noninvasively detecting the presence of the stenoses from peripheral pressure pulses. The variations in aortic pressure/flow pulses with the stenoses play testimony to the significance of modeling the entire cardiovascular system in the study of arterial diseases.

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A transport equation for scalar flux in turbulent premixed flames was modelled on the basis of DNS databases. Fully developed turbulent premixed flames were obtained for three different density ratios of flames with a single-step irreversible reaction, while the turbulent intensity was comparable to the laminar burning velocity. These DNS databases showed that the countergradient diffusion was dominant in the flame region. Analyses of the Favre-averaged transport equation for turbulent scalar flux proved that the pressure related terms and the velocity-reaction rate correlation term played important roles on the countergradient diffusion, while the mean velocity gradient term, the mean progress variable gradient term and dissipation terms suppressed it. Based on these analyses, modelling of the combustion-related terms was discussed. The mean pressure gradient term and the fluctuating pressure term were modelled by scaling, and these models were in good agreement with DNS databases. The dissipation terms and the velocity-reaction rate correlation term were also modelled, and these models mimicked DNS well. Nomenclature BFrequency factor (1/s·K) c Progress variable C p Specific heat at constant pressure (J/kg·K) D Diffusion coefficient (m 2 /s) e L Laminar flame thickness (m) e t Total energy per volume (J/m 3 ) E Activation energy (J/kg) k Turbulent kinetic energy (m 2 /s 2 )

Background: A sit-to-stand (STS) movement requires muscle strength higher than that of other daily activities. There are many elderly people, who experience difficulty when standing up from a chair. The muscle strength required (or the load on the joints) during a STS task is determined by the kinematics (movement pattern). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the kinematics and resultant joint moments of people standing up from a chair in order to determine the minimum peak joint moments required for a STS task.

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