We describe a microfabricated airway system integrated with computerized air-liquid two-phase microfluidics that enables onchip engineering of human airway epithelia and precise reproduction of physiologic or pathologic liquid plug flows found in the respiratory system. Using this device, we demonstrate cellularlevel lung injury under flow conditions that cause symptoms characteristic of a wide range of pulmonary diseases. Specifically, propagation and rupture of liquid plugs that simulate surfactantdeficient reopening of closed airways lead to significant injury of small airway epithelial cells by generating deleterious fluid mechanical stresses. We also show that the explosive pressure waves produced by plug rupture enable detection of the mechanical cellular injury as crackling sounds.airway reopening ͉ small airway epithelial cells ͉ mechanical forces ͉ microfluidic cell culture

Microsurgical technique is safe and may improve SRR for TESE in a variety of patients with NOA, especially patients with heterogeneous testicular tubules.

We concluded that our formula should be useful for doctors considering microdissection testicular sperm extraction for patients with NOA because our equation uses noninvasive parameters without a preoperative testicular biopsy, which is a relatively invasive examination.

In this study, we investigate the steady propagation of a liquid plug within a two-dimensional channel lined by a uniform, thin liquid film. The Navier-Stokes equations with free-surface boundary conditions are solved using the finite volume numerical scheme. We examine the effect of varying plug propagation speed and plug length in both the Stokes flow limit and for finite Reynolds number (Re). For a fixed plug length, the trailing film thickness increases with plug propagation speed. If the plug length is greater than the channel width, the trailing film thickness agrees with previous theories for semi-infinite bubble propagation. As the plug length decreases below the channel width, the trailing film thickness decreases, and for finite Re there is significant interaction between the leading and trailing menisci and their local flow effects. A recirculation flow forms inside the plug core and is skewed towards the rear meniscus as Re increases. The recirculation velocity between both tips decreases with the plug length. The macroscopic pressure gradient, which is the pressure drop between the leading and trailing gas phases divided by the plug length, is a function of U and U2, where U is the plug propagation speed, when the fluid property and the channel geometry are fixed. The U2 term becomes dominant at small values of the plug length. A capillary wave develops at the front meniscus, with an amplitude that increases with Re, and this causes large local changes in wall shear stresses and pressures.

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This paper considers the propagation of a liquid plug driven by a constant pressure within a rigid axisymmetric tube whose inner surface is coated by a thin liquid film. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved using the finite-volume method and the SIMPLEST algorithm. The effects of precursor film thickness, initial plug length, pressure drop across the plug, and constant surface tension on the plug behavior and tube wall mechanical stresses are investigated. As a plug propagates through a liquid-lined tube, the plug gains liquid from the leading front film, and it deposits liquid into the trailing film. If the trailing film is thicker (thinner) than the precursor film, the plug volume decreases (increases) as it propagates. For a decreasing volume, eventually the plug ruptures. Under a specific set of conditions, the trailing film thickness equals the precursor film thickness, which leads to steady state results. The plug speed decreases as the precursor film thins because the resistance to the moving front meniscus increases. As the pressure drop across the plug decreases, the plug speed decreases resulting in thinning of the trailing film. As the plug length becomes longer, the viscous resistance in the plug core region increases, which slows the plug and causes the trailing film to become even thinner. The magnitude of the pressure and shear stress at the tube inner wall is maximum in the front meniscus region, and it increases with a thinner precursor film. As the surface tension increases, the plug propagation speed decreases, the strength of the wall pressure in the front meniscus region increases, and the pressure gradient around the peak pressure becomes steeper.

Initial TV values provide insight into phenotypic variables such as time of onset and severity in patients with primary or secondary HH, and may predict sperm output in response to hCG/hMG therapy.

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