No abstract

Despite improvements in the fast and slow vergence mechanisms no change was found in the AC/A and CA/C ratios after orthoptic treatment in CI subjects. This finding is unexpected in light of the present understanding of CI, and an alternative theory is proposed.

BackgroundReduced peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and combined ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer (GCIP) thicknesses as measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) have been observed in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. The purpose was to determine the most associative OCT measure to level of cognitive and physical disability in MS.MethodsData were collected from 546 MS patients and 175 healthy controls (HCs). We compared the average pRNFL, temporal pRNFL (T-pRNFL), overall inner ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer (GCIP), and the overall ganglion cell complex (GCC) including macular RNFL and GCIP thicknesses measurements in differentiating MS subtypes from HCs. The association between OCT measures, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) were assessed using generalized estimating equations models.ResultsBoth peripapillary and macular OCT measurements could differentiate all MS subtypes from HCs. The SDMT score was significantly associated with reduced thickness of all OCT measures, mostly in average pRNFL (0.14 µm, P = 0.001) and T-pRNFL (0.17 µm, P < 0.001). The EDSS score was significantly associated with reduced inner retinal layer thickness. The largest reduction was seen in T-pRNFL (−1.52 μm, P < 0.001) and inner GCC (−1.78 μm, P < 0.001).ConclusionThe T-pRNFL is highly sensitive and associated with level of both cognitive and physical disability.

Implantation of phakic intraocular lenses (pIOLs) is a reversible refractive procedure, preserving the patient's accommodative function with minimal induction of higher order aberrations compared with corneal photoablative procedures. Despite this, as an intraocular procedure, it has potential risks such as cataracts, chronic uveitis, pupil ovalization, corneal endothelial cell loss, pigmentary dispersion syndrome, pupillary block glaucoma, astigmatism, or endophthalmitis. Currently, only two models of posterior chamber pIOLs are commercially available, the implantable collammer lens (STAAR Surgical Co.) and the phakic refractive lens (PRL; Zeiss Meditec). The number of published reports on the latter is very low, and some concerns still remain about its long-term safety. The present article reviews the published literature on the outcomes after PRL implantation in order to provide a general overview and evaluate its real potential as a surgical refractive option.

Orthokeratology patients show an irregular wearing pattern after 1 year of treatment that has significant effects on the subjective visual performance over the next day of skipping lens wear. Light distortion under low-light conditions seems to be a transient complication of the treatment and most of the patients report an improvement after the first weeks of treatment.

The results of the present study have provided clinical evidence that KC is a disease affecting a wider area of the cornea. Although the KC cornea shows the greatest change in thickness in the ectatic region, this attenuation declines toward the periphery. The presence of peripheral thinning indicated that KC may be a "pancorneal" pathology and not limited to the ectatic portion.

This study showed that only the amplitude of accommodation seems to differ in children with dyslexia as compared with the control children; however, the ability to accommodate was still good and is unlikely to hamper reading and learning ability. The results therefore support that the recent findings of binocular deficits in dyslexic children are a result of the phonological deficit of dyslexia and not an underlying cause of dyslexia.

It is well known that in convergence insufficiency (CI) prism adaptation is reduced in response to base-out (BO) prisms at near. There have also been some suggestions in the literature that adaptation is reduced at other distances as well. The present data show that in CI adaptation is not only reduced in response to BO at near, but also in response to base-in (BI) at near and for both BI and BO at distance. This raises the interesting question whether distance adaptation becomes reduced because of reduced near adaptation or whether these subjects have a generally reduced horizontal adaptation mechanism.