BackgroundReduced peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and combined ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer (GCIP) thicknesses as measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) have been observed in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. The purpose was to determine the most associative OCT measure to level of cognitive and physical disability in MS.MethodsData were collected from 546 MS patients and 175 healthy controls (HCs). We compared the average pRNFL, temporal pRNFL (T-pRNFL), overall inner ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer (GCIP), and the overall ganglion cell complex (GCC) including macular RNFL and GCIP thicknesses measurements in differentiating MS subtypes from HCs. The association between OCT measures, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) were assessed using generalized estimating equations models.ResultsBoth peripapillary and macular OCT measurements could differentiate all MS subtypes from HCs. The SDMT score was significantly associated with reduced thickness of all OCT measures, mostly in average pRNFL (0.14 µm, P = 0.001) and T-pRNFL (0.17 µm, P < 0.001). The EDSS score was significantly associated with reduced inner retinal layer thickness. The largest reduction was seen in T-pRNFL (−1.52 μm, P < 0.001) and inner GCC (−1.78 μm, P < 0.001).ConclusionThe T-pRNFL is highly sensitive and associated with level of both cognitive and physical disability.

This study showed that only the amplitude of accommodation seems to differ in children with dyslexia as compared with the control children; however, the ability to accommodate was still good and is unlikely to hamper reading and learning ability. The results therefore support that the recent findings of binocular deficits in dyslexic children are a result of the phonological deficit of dyslexia and not an underlying cause of dyslexia.

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Purpose Reductions in the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) have been indicated even in early‐stages of multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim was to assess the potential of the RNFL quadrant measurements in differentiating disease phenotypes and their association with cognitive impairment and physical disability. Methods Four hundred and sixty‐five MS patients and 168 healthy controls (HCs) were included. MS subjects were divided in subgroups according to disease phenotype. All subjects underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination of all retinal quadrants using Canon OCT HS‐100. Associations were tested using linear mixed effect models. Results The global RNFL thickness was 6.4 μm thinner (95% CI: −8.5 to −4.3, p < 0.001) in relapsing‐remitting MS (RRMS), 11.6 μm thinner (95% CI: −14.4 to −8.8 μm, p < 0.001) in secondary progressive MS (SPMS) and 10.7 μm thinner (95% CI: −16.0 to −5.5, p < 0.001) in primary progressive MS (PPMS) compared with HCs. Global RNFL and temporal quadrant showed high correlation to cognitive impairment and physical disability in MS. Conclusions We report that RNFL thickness reduction is significantly associated with physical and cognitive disability and OCT measurements are useful for axonal loss. We suggest the use of temporal quadrant RNFL thickness as a more sensitive outcome as oppose to the global RNFL thickness.