Previous evidence suggests that enrollment in post-compulsory education increases (decreases) in cyclical downturns (upturns). However, little evidence exists on whether enrollment is successfully transformed into completed education. This paper adds to the literature by analyzing the relationship between completion of upper secondary education and regional unemployment using Norwegian regional panel data on students graduating from compulsory school between 1981 and 2004. We find robust evidence that completion rates are countercyclical. Our results suggest that poor labor-market conditions when starting upper secondary education have a lasting effect and motivate students to stay in school and graduate.

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We use longitudinal data on the entire population of Norwegian PhD recipients over five decades to examine the reason only 1/3 of full professors in Norway are women, despite gender balance among current PhDs. We find that 90% of the lower female representation is due to lower female shares in earlier PhD cohorts, increasing sizes of cohorts, and decreasing overall rates of promotion, which together we call “compositional/historical factors.” We find that the small remaining imbalance is not caused by women dropping out but rather by 15% slower average promotion rates calculated in hazard analysis. However, women eventually catch up with men after about 20 years. We conduct a similar hazard analysis for the US and find that women doctorates are less likely than men to enter tenure-track academia although more likely to enter non-tenure-track academia. This leads to larger gender differences in advancement to full professorships and no eventual convergence. We suggest possible reasons for the differences between Norway and the US.

SAMMENDRAGDenne artikkelen undersøker virkninger av utdanning som arbeidsmarkedstiltak for unge med nedsatte arbeidsevner. Fra og med 1. januar 2004 ble nedre aldersgrense for å få støtte til kvalifisering i det ordinaere utdanningssystemet som arbeidsmarkedstiltak hevet fra 22 til 26 år. Regelendringen gjør det mulig å studere hvilken effekt ordinaer utdanning har på arbeidsmarkedsutfall blant unge med nedsatt arbeidsevne, relativt til andre tiltak. Reduksjonen i tilgang til støtte til kvalifisering i det ordinaere utdanningssystemet som arbeidsmarkedstiltak førte til en lavere andel i arbeid på mellomlang sikt. Imidlertid viskes denne effekten ut over tid og regelendringen førte ikke til endring i andel i arbeid på lang sikt. Nøkkelord NAV-tiltak, ordinaer utdanning, redusert arbeidsevne, forskjell-i-forskjellerThis article is downloaded from www.idunn.no.

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