Bone regeneration is essential in medical treatment, such as in surgical bone healing and orthodontics. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of different powers of 940 nm diode low-level laser treatment (LLLT) on osteoblast cells during their proliferation and differentiation stages. A human fetal osteoblast cell line was cultured and treated with LLLT. The cells were divided into experimental groups according to the power delivered and periods of exposure per day for each laser power. The (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay was used to determine cell proliferation. Both alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin activity assays were assessed for cell differentiation. All treatment groups showed a significant increase in cell proliferation and differentiation compared to the control group. Regarding the exposure time, the subgroups treated with the LLLT for 6 min showed higher proliferation and differentiation rates for the powers delivered, the 300-mW LLLT group significantly increased the amount of cell proliferation. By contrast, the 100 and 200 mW groups showed significantly greater amounts of cell differentiation. These results suggest that the use of LLLT may play an important role in stimulating osteoblast cells for improved bone formation.

The need for orthodontic treatment is increasing all the time. As the treatment is time consuming ranging from a year to several years, any method of reducing the period of treatment and increasing the quality of the tissue will be beneficial to patients. The use of non-invasive techniques such as low level laser therapy and low intensity pulsed ultasound in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement are promising. Thus, this overview study will help to generate more understanding about the background information and the possible applications of them in daily orthodontics, depending on previous literature searching for reviews and original research articles.

BackgroundQuality bone regeneration, which leads to the improvement of bone remodeling, is essential for orthodontic treatment. In order to improve bone regeneration and increase the amount of tooth movement, different techniques have been implemented. The object of this study is to compare the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT), low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), and their combination on bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement.MethodsEighty (80) male, 6-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were grouped in to four groups, the first group was irradiated with (940 nm) diode laser, second group with LIPUS, and third group with combination of both LLLT and LIPUS. A forth group used was a control group in an incomplete block split-mouth design. The LLLT and LIPUS were used to treat the area around the moving tooth once a day on days 0–7, then the experiment was ended in each experimental endpoint (1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days). For amount of tooth movement, models were imaged and analyzed. Histological examination was performed after staining with (hematoxylin and eosin) and (alizarin red and Alcian Blue) stain. One step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction RT-PCR was also performed to elucidate the gene expression of RANK, RANKL, OPG, and RUNX-2.ResultsThe amount of tooth movement, the histological bone remodeling, and the RT-PCR were significantly greater in the treatment groups than that in the control group. Among the treatment groups, the combination group was the highest and the LIPUS group was the lowest.ConclusionThese findings suggest that LLLT and LIPUS can enhance the velocity of tooth movement and improve the quality of bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement.

Background and Aim: The increasing prevalence of drug resistance eventually leads scientist to discover new drugs that could solve the problem. Since ancient immemorial times, medicinal plants generally known as herbs were widely used in every culture throughout the world. In fact, currently up to 70,000 plant species have been screened for biological activities and about 70% ends up for commercialization. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the potential cytotoxic and antibacterial effect of Syzygium polyanthum leaves which are local Malaysia plants, against 4T1 and MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells, respectively, and also against bacteria causing mastitis in cows. Materials and Methods: The cytotoxic effect of hydromethanolic extract of S. polyanthum against 4T1 and MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells was evaluated using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The cells were treated with the concentration of extracts ranging from 15.63 μg/mL to 1000 μg/ml for 72 h, and the percentage of cell survivability was determined based on minimum concentration that was able to allow at least 50% growth of cancer cells (IC50) after 72 h. The antibacterial activity was tested against common bacteria causing mastitis in cow. The bacteria were isolated from milk samples. The antibacterial activity of the extract was determined by disk diffusion method and susceptibility test based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hyicus, and Staphylococcus intermedius were isolated from the milk samples that positive for mastitis. The MIC values range from 7.12 mm to 13.5 mm. The extract exhibits the widest zone of inhibition (13.5±0.20 mm) at 1000 mg/ml of concentrations. The extract relatively has low cytotoxicity effect against 4T1 and MCF-7 cells with IC50 values ranging from 672.57±59.42 and 126.05±50.89 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: S. polyanthum exerts weak antibacterial activity and cytotoxic effect to mammary carcinoma cells. The extract does not toxic to cells. However, further study is recommended, especially, this plant should be tested for in vivo.

Background and Aim: Channa striatus extract, a freshwater snakehead fish known as Haruan, is popular in Southeast Asia for consumption and as a traditional therapeutic remedy for wound healing. C. striatus is also used in osteoarthritic for its anti-inflammatory. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of antibacterial properties of C. striatus extract against oral bacteria and to investigate the cytotoxic activity against Vero cells. Materials and Methods: The authors prepared C. striatus extract in chloroform-methanol solvents. Next, the authors took subgingival microbiological samples from 16 cats that had periodontal disease. The authors determined the antibacterial properties of C. striatus extract against the isolated bacteria using the disk diffusion method and a broth microdilution-based resazurin microtiter assay. Finally, the authors used the Vero cell line to evaluate the cytotoxic activity, and they assessed the cell availability using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: The results showed weak antibacterial activity of C. striatus extract against Pseudomonas spp. and Escherichia coli. In addition, the authors found that minimum inhibition concentration values ranged between 400 and 500 mg/mL, and minimum bactericidal concentration values ranged between 650 and 550 mg/mL. However, the cytotoxic results were promising, showing that C. striatus extract increased the cell viability and growth when it was at a higher concentration. The extract also promotes growth and cell proliferation. Conclusion: These findings suggest that C. striatus extract promoted cell proliferation in vitro and could be a plausible therapeutic wound healing alternative for periodontal disease in cats.

Previous studies of the biocompatibility of b-tricalcium phosphate (b-TCP) focused on bulk-sized b-TCP, and little is known about the biocompatibility of nano b-TCP particles (nb-TCP). The objectives of this study were to synthesize nb-TCP particles and determine their efficacy in a rabbit tibial defect model. The nb-TCP particles were first synthesized using a wet chemical precipitation process. The particles were then implanted in the left tibia of New Zealand white rabbits, and the defect site healing was evaluated for a period of 16 weeks using radiography, computed tomography, and histology. Data were compared with those of a sham (empty) control. Results showed that the defect site treated with nb-TCP particles did not heal completely after 16 weeks, whereas full cortical bone recovery was observed in the sham control group of rabbits. Histopathological examination showed that the nb-TCP particles caused an excessive and prolonged inflammatory response by the host. The nano-scaled size and biodegradability of the synthesized nb-TCP particles may have been responsible for this progressive and extended inflammatory response, which delayed the bone healing process. The underlying mechanism for this effect remains unclear and warrants further investigation.

Oroxylum indicumalso known as ‘pucukbeko’ in Malaysia is often consumed as raw salad (ulam) due to the belief that the plant has numerous therapeutics activities that could improve health. Despite its medicinal potential,however, there has been very limited data on the plant’s safety and toxicity profile particularly for long term consumption. More depth insight and evidence-based studies are needed to verify its safety as a potential herb. Therefore, this study aims to investigate sub acute oral toxicity of ethanol extract of O. indicum in C57BL/6 male mice. Twenty-five mice (n=5) were orally administered at single dose of normal saline (control), vehicle (5% DMSO), extracts (100, 200 and 500 mg/kg bw), respectively in accordance with OECD Guideline 420 for 28 days. Liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, testes, spleen,and blood samples were collected to determine the effects of the extract on the relative organ weight, tissue changes, and blood profile alterations in the end of the study. The sub-acute toxicity results demonstrated no lethal effects and abnormal behavioural changes in mice treated with an expansion dose up to a maximum of 500 mg/kg. No significant (p>0.05) changes in body weights, relative organ weight and haematological evaluation. Nevertheless, there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the urea, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and alanine transaminase (ALT) values but the levels were still within the acceptable range. Histopathological analysis of the liver and kidney tissues also revealed no striking lesions. This study displays that mice treated with an increasing dose ofO. indicum leaf ethanolic extract up to a maximum 500mg/kg bw did not cause any toxicological effects and considered safe to be consumed and used for therapeutic purposes

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an emerging coagulase gram-positive staphylococci in dogs and cats. It has now become a threat to animal health due to its multidrug resistance leading to very limited therapeutic options particularly in the treatment of small animals and therefore, requires urgent action to control its spread. The organism is currently recognised as a significant pathogen in veterinary medicine causing skin, ear and wound infections in dogs and cats. So far, there is limited coverage in relation to research studies concerning on S. pseudintermedius in dogs and cats in Malaysia. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the presence of S. pseudintermedius in dogs and cats as well as to evaluate the best site for isolation of the organism. A total of two hundred dogs (n = 100) and cats (n = 100) were randomly sampled. Swab samples were taken from the nasal cavity, buccal cavity, rectum and perineal skin aseptically from both pet and stray dogs and cats. The samples were cultured and isolates were identified by biochemical tests and confirmed using a species-specific PCR assay. Our results revealed that the proportion of detection of S. pseudintermedius was higher in stray dogs and cats than pet animals. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was detected in 6.5% (13/200) stray dogs, 6% (12/200) stray cats, 1.5% (3/200) pet dogs and 0% in pet cats. Our findings also demonstrated that nasal cavity was the ideal site for isolation of the organism (5.5%), followed by buccal cavity (3.5%), skin (2.5%) and rectum (2.5%), but statistically, the difference was not significant (p = 0.174). In conclusion, this study provided an empirical evidence in relation to the detection of S. pseudintermedius in stray and pet dogs and cats in Selangor, Malaysia. Future research is urgently needed to better understand the epidemiology of S. pseudintermedius in field settings.