This study aimed to develop the cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in vitro regeneration system through somatic embryogenesis on kinetin supplemented DKW medium and somaclonal variation assessment using SSR markers. Callus were initiated from basal petal and staminoid explants cultured on callus induction (CI) medium contained DKW basalt salts and kinetin:2,4-D ratios of 1:15.5, 1:7.8 or 1:3.9 and then transferred onto secondary callus growth (SCG) medium contained WPM basalt salts and kinetin:2,4-D ratios of 1:7.8 or 1:3.9. The calli were then subsequently transferred onto embryo development medium contained DKW basal salts with or without the addition of amino acids, adenine or activated charcoal for the formation of somatic embryos. Nine cacao genotypes were tested for their ability to develop somatic embryos. Results of this study indicated DKW medium supplemented with Kinetin in combination with 2,4-D effectively induced cacao somatic embryogenesis. The highest somatic embryos formation was abtained from kinetin:2,4-D ratio of 1:3.9 and 1:7.8 in CI and SCG medium respectively. Cacao genotype responses were highly explant type dependent. The developed method resulted in a high percentage of somatic embryo formation (5.6-66.7%), germination (50%) and plantlet conversion (65%) and a medium percentage of somaclonal variations based on SSRs marker analysis.

The primary and secondary somatic embryogenesis can be used to propagate Coffea arabica L clonally.  However, the success of this propagation was depended on plant growth regulator and varieties. This study aimed to examine the possibility of 2,4-D and thidiazuron application to form primary and secondary somatic embryo to support Arabica coffee clonal propagation. The study consisted of two activities (1) 2,4-D and thidiazuron Application to Induce Primary Somatic Embryogenesis of Arabica Coffee and (2) The Application of thidiazuron in Solid and Semi-Solid Media to Induce Secondary Somatic Embryos.  The results indicated significant effect of varieties and plant growth regulator on fresh weight, number of torpedo and germinated embryo.  However, it showed no significant effect on callus formation percentage. The best medium to induce primary somatic embryogenesis depending on variety, on the treatment of 4.52 μM 2,4 -D +18.16 μM thidiazuron was the best for AS2K and Sigarar Utang varieties, S 795 at 4.52 μM 2,4-D + 9.08 μM thidiazuron, whereas Kartika at 4.52 μM 2.4-D + 13.62 μM thidiazuron.  The morphology of coffee somatic embryo was normal.  Primary somatic embryo was developed indirectly, whereas the secondary somatic embryo was directly.  The application of 9.08 μM thidiazuron  increased the percentage and number of secondary somatic embryos, hence enhancing number of Arabica coffee planlet. Keywords : Coffea arabica L, 2,4-D, thidiazuron, semi-solid media, Indirect somatic embryogenesis

Kolaka, which is located in Southeast Sulawesi, has long been known as one of cacao production centers in Indonesia. Therefore, many different cacao germplasms can be found in this region. The study aimed to evaluate genetic diversity and relationships of 12 cacao genotypes collected from Kolaka. Genomic DNA was extracted by using a modified CTAB method. Meanwhile, genetic diversity was analyzed based on 16 SSR markers, which then separated by 6% non-denaturing polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis. The result showed that all of those markers, 14 markers exhibited polymorphism and subsequently used for data analysis using NTSYS and PowerMarker program. About 70 different alleles were generated from 12 cacao genotypes analyzed with an average of 5 alleles per locus. Average value of polymorphism information content (PIC) resulted in this study was 0.59. The cluster analysis using UPGMA method based on the genetic similarity coefficient revealed that all cacao genotypes were separated into three major groups. The first group consisted of five cacao genotypes, the second one held four cacao genotypes, whereas the third group contained three genotypes. This result indicates that three genotypes that clustered separately from the others could be used as a good clonal candidate for cacao breeding program. The information resulted from this present study would be useful for future cacao breeding program, especially in efforts to release a new variety.

Propagation of Coffea arabica L. through direct and indirect somatic embryogenesis technique is promising for producing large number of coffee seedlings. The objectives of the research were to evaluate methods for direct and indirect somatic embryo-genesis induction of C. arabica var. Kartika. The explants were the youngest fully expanded leaves of arabica coffee. The evalu-ated medium was modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with a combination of 2.26 µM 2,4-D + 4.54 or 9.08 µM thidiazuron; 4.52 µM 2,4-D + 4.54 or 9.08 µM thidiazuron; or 9.04 µM 2,4-D + 9.08 µM thidiazuron. Both calli (100 mg) and pre-embryos developed from the edge of leaf explants were subcultured into regeneration medium (half strength MS with modified vitamin, supplemented with kinetine 9.30 µM and adenine sulfate 40 mg L-1). The results showed coffee leaf explant cultured on medium containing 2.26 µM 2,4-D + 4.54 or 9.08 µM thidiazuron to induce direct somatic embriogenesis from explant, while that of 4.52 or 9.04 µM 2,4-D + 9.08 µM thidiazuron to induced indirect somatic embrio-genesis. The medium for calli induction from coffee by explants was medium supplemented with 4.52 or 9.04 µM 2,4-D in combination with 9.08 µM thidiazuron. On the other hand, the best medium for activation of induction of somatic embryos was MS medium supplemented with 9.04 µM 2,4-D + 9.08 µM thidiazuron. Based on this results, the first step for developing micropropagation for coffee has been resolved. The subsequent studies will be directed to evaluate agronomic performance of the derived planting materials.

Kolaka, which is located in Southeast Sulawesi, has long been known as one of cacao production centers in Indonesia. Therefore, many different cacao germplasms can be found in this region. The study aimed to evaluate genetic diversity and relationships of 12 cacao genotypes collected from Kolaka. Genomic DNA was extracted by using a modified CTAB method. Meanwhile, genetic diversity was analyzed based on 16 SSR markers, which then separated by 6% non-denaturing polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis. The result showed that all of those markers, 14 markers exhibited polymorphism and subsequently used for data analysis using NTSYS and PowerMarker program. About 70 different alleles were generated from 12 cacao genotypes analyzed with an average of 5 alleles per locus. Average value of polymorphism information content (PIC) resulted in this study was 0.59. The cluster analysis using UPGMA method based on the genetic similarity coefficient revealed that all cacao genotypes were separated into three major groups. The first group consisted of five cacao genotypes, the second one held four cacao genotypes, whereas the third group contained three genotypes. This result indicates that three genotypes that clustered separately from the others could be used as a good clonal candidate for cacao breeding program. The information resulted from this present study would be useful for future cacao breeding program, especially in efforts to release a new variety.

This experiment aims to know the solar energy efficiency of four clones of cocoa that cultivated under three different shading plants. This experiment has been done from September until December 2013 located at Kaliwining Experiment Farm with characteristic 45 m above sea level, soil type is low humic gley, soil texture is silty clay loam, and climate classification type D based on Scmidht and Fergusson Classification. This experiment used Nested Design as Experimental Design with species of shading plant as main plot which are Teak (Tectona grandis L.), Krete (Cassia surattensis (Burm.) F.), Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala L.) and Cocoa clones as sub plot which are Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, KKM 22, KW 165. The observation of solar energy efficiency consists of daily solar radiation intensity, solar radiation intensity above plant, solar radiation intensity under plant, and also plant total dry weight. The experimental result showed that there is differences (heterogenity) between shading location based on homogenity test by Bartlett Method. There are some interaction between the kind of shading plant and clones in parameter of interception efficiency, absorbtion efficiency, the efficiency of solar energy that caught by plant, and solar energy conversion efficiency. The efficiency of solar energy that caught by plant will affect the solar energy conversion efficiency with R2 = 0,86.  Keywords : Solar Energy Efficiency, Cocoa Clones, Shading Plant, Nested Design, Bartlett Method

ABSTRAKKopi luwak dihasilkan dari proses pencernaan biji kopi oleh mikrob yang berlangsung intensif dalam organ intestinum tenue (usus halus) dan caecum (usus buntu) luwak. Oleh karena itu, proses fermentasi biji kopi menggunakan mikrob probiotik yang diisolasi dari organ pencernaan hewan luwak diharapkan dapat menghasilkan produk kopi dengan citarasa dan aroma khas mirip kopi luwak. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui pengaruh periode fermentasi terhadap mutu fisik biji dan profil citarasa kopi Arabika probiotik. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Belanga dan Belantih, Kecamatan Kintamani, Kabupaten Bangli, laboratorium BPTP Bali, laboratorium PPKKI Jember, dan laboratorium Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pascapanen Pertanian Bogor, mulai bulan Juni sampai Desember 2013. Fermentasi dilakukan dalam 2 tahap: (1) menggunakan mikrob probiotik yang diisolasi dari intestum tenue luwak dan (2) menggunakan mikrob probiotik yang diisolasi dari caecum luwak. Perlakuan disusun sebagai berikut: P1 = fermentasi tahap I dan II, masing-masing selama 4 hari, P2 = fermentasi tahap I dan II, masing-masing selama 5 hari, P3 = fermentasi tahap I dan II, masing-masing selama 6 hari, P4 = fermentasi tahap I dan II, masing-masing selama 7 hari, dan sebagai pembanding P5 = biji kopi luwak asli dari pembudidaya luwak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biji kopi Arabika probiotik mempunyai mutu fisik yang cukup baik dan sesuai dengan spesifikasi SNI 01-2907-2008. Mutu citarasa terbaik diperoleh pada 2 tahap fermentasi masing-masing selama 6 dan 7 hari dengan total skor 81,44 dan 80,91 sehingga dapat digolongkan sebagai kopi spesialti. Mutu tersebut lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kopi asli dari pembudidaya luwak.Kata kunci: Kopi Arabika, citarasa, fermentasi, mikrob probiotik, pencernaan luwak ABSTRACT Civet coffee is produced through microbial digestion inside the civet's tenue intestinal and caecum. Therefore, fermented coffee using probiotic microbes isolated from the civet digestive organs presumably will produce coffee with a distinctive flavor and aroma, which is similar to civet coffee. The research aimed to determine the effect of the fermentation period on physical quality of beans and flavor profile of probiotics

ABSTRAKAnalisis keragaman genetik koleksi plasma nutfah kakao menggunakan marka molekuler mempunyai peranan penting dalam program perakitan klon unggul baru. Ketersediaan klon komersial dan klon unggul lokal meningkatkan peluang keberhasilan perakitan klon unggul baru sehingga analisis keragaman genetik materi tersebut perlu dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis keragaman genetik 28 nomor koleksi kakao berdasarkan marka SSR yang berguna dalam pemilihan tetua persilangan. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Terpadu Balai Penelitian Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar (Balittri), Sukabumi, dan Laboratorium Biologi Molekuler Tanaman (PMB), Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor, mulai bulan November 2015 sampai Mei 2016. Analisis keragaman genetik dilakukan pada 28 klon kakao yang terdiri dari 13 klon unggul lokal dan 15 klon komersial. Ekstraksi DNA dilakukan dengan menggunakan prosedur berbasis CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide). Selanjutnya, DNA diamplifikasi dengan teknik PCR (polymerase chain reaction) menggunakan 20 pasang primer SSR (simple sequence repeats). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semua marka SSR yang digunakan bersifat polimorfik dengan rata-rata nilai PIC (polymorphism information content) cukup tinggi, yaitu 57%. Pohon filogenetik yang dianalisis menggunakan program DARwin (Dissimilarity Analysis and Representation for Windows) versi 6.05 terbagi menjadi 3 kelompok besar yang menempatkan klon unggul lokal dan klon komersial bersama-sama dalam tiap-tiap kelompok. Klon unggul lokal diduga mempunyai asal usul yang dekat dengan klon komersial yang sudah dibudidayakan di Indonesia. Selain itu, beberapa klon kakao berpotensi menjadi tetua persilangan karena mempunyai jarak genetik cukup jauh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa marka SSR merupakan alat bantu cukup potensial untuk menentukan tetua persilangan yang diharapkan dapat meningkatkan peluang heterosis pada keturunannya.Kata kunci: Kakao, keragaman genetik, marka SSR, klon unggul lokal, klon komersial 13