Kolaka, which is located in Southeast Sulawesi, has long been known as one of cacao production centers in Indonesia. Therefore, many different cacao germplasms can be found in this region. The study aimed to evaluate genetic diversity and relationships of 12 cacao genotypes collected from Kolaka. Genomic DNA was extracted by using a modified CTAB method. Meanwhile, genetic diversity was analyzed based on 16 SSR markers, which then separated by 6% non-denaturing polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis. The result showed that all of those markers, 14 markers exhibited polymorphism and subsequently used for data analysis using NTSYS and PowerMarker program. About 70 different alleles were generated from 12 cacao genotypes analyzed with an average of 5 alleles per locus. Average value of polymorphism information content (PIC) resulted in this study was 0.59. The cluster analysis using UPGMA method based on the genetic similarity coefficient revealed that all cacao genotypes were separated into three major groups. The first group consisted of five cacao genotypes, the second one held four cacao genotypes, whereas the third group contained three genotypes. This result indicates that three genotypes that clustered separately from the others could be used as a good clonal candidate for cacao breeding program. The information resulted from this present study would be useful for future cacao breeding program, especially in efforts to release a new variety.

Kolaka, which is located in Southeast Sulawesi, has long been known as one of cacao production centers in Indonesia. Therefore, many different cacao germplasms can be found in this region. The study aimed to evaluate genetic diversity and relationships of 12 cacao genotypes collected from Kolaka. Genomic DNA was extracted by using a modified CTAB method. Meanwhile, genetic diversity was analyzed based on 16 SSR markers, which then separated by 6% non-denaturing polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis. The result showed that all of those markers, 14 markers exhibited polymorphism and subsequently used for data analysis using NTSYS and PowerMarker program. About 70 different alleles were generated from 12 cacao genotypes analyzed with an average of 5 alleles per locus. Average value of polymorphism information content (PIC) resulted in this study was 0.59. The cluster analysis using UPGMA method based on the genetic similarity coefficient revealed that all cacao genotypes were separated into three major groups. The first group consisted of five cacao genotypes, the second one held four cacao genotypes, whereas the third group contained three genotypes. This result indicates that three genotypes that clustered separately from the others could be used as a good clonal candidate for cacao breeding program. The information resulted from this present study would be useful for future cacao breeding program, especially in efforts to release a new variety.

Porang plant is very prospective and developed because it has high economic value. The high demand for exports has resulted in increased needs for seeds. Tissue culture using plant regulator 6-Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) has been widely used for seed propagation. This study aimed to examine the effect of adding BAP on the multiplication of shoots at different bulbil weights. Bulbils (corm leaf) were used as explants and cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium containing BAP (according to treatment), 30 g L−1 sucrose, and 2.5 g L−1 phytagel. This study used two factors Completely Randomized Design with five replications. The first factor was concentrations of BAP i.e., 0.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mg L−1 and second factor was bulbil weight i.e., 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 g. There was significant interaction at the number of buds and shoots, but not for other parameters. The results showed that bulbil weight had a significant effect on the number of buds, shoots, and plantlet height, while the concentration of BAP had a significant effect on all parameters. Bulbil size < 1 gram can reproduce seeds with the highest multiplication ability when 3 mg L−1 BAP was given.

<p><em>Propagation of cacao plants is generally carried out vegetatively. Therefore, plants that are clonally propagated should be genetically uniform. Genetic uniformity in cacao clones is also very important information for germplasm conservation and in obtaining pure parental crosses. Evaluation of genetic uniformity can be seen through analysis using SSR markers. This study aimed to determine the genetic uniformity in six cacao clones using SSR markers. This experiment was conducted at IIBCRI Integrated Laboratory in Sukabumi and Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, IPB Bogor, from September 2015 to December 2016.  Six cacao clones used (TSH 858, TSH 908, ICS 13, PA 300, GC 7 and UIT) are from Kalitelepak experimental station of  PTPN XII, Genteng District, Banyuwangi, East Java.  Ten samples were taken randomly to represent cacao clones. DNA amplification was carried out using 12 SSR markers. The result showed that 12 SSR markers generated 45 alleles with the number of alleles per locus was 3-4 alleles. The polymorphic information content (PIC) ranges from 0.37</em>–<em>0.67, which are identied as very informative molecular analysis </em><em>in identifying the genetical uniformity of the evaluated cacao population. Six SSR loci generated variant alleles within both the TSH 858 and UIT clones, indicating there are off-type plants in these two samples. Clonal uniformity were detected for samples of the GC 7, ICS 13, PA 300 and TSH 908 clones. On the other hand, 8.33% of evaluated samples within the TSH 858 and UIT clones were off-type plants.</em></p>

ABSTRAKIndonesia is the third largest cacao producing-country in the world and known having many superior local clones, such as that found in Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatra. However, there is lack of information about genetic background of those local cacao clones. This study aimed to assess genetic variability of 11 local cacao clones collected from Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatra using SSR markers. The research was conducted in the Integrated Laboratory, Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crops Research Institute (IIBCRI), Sukabumi, from August to November 2016. The genetic variabilities of local cacao studied were compared with 9 national varieties as reference genomes. Total genomic DNA of the plants was isolated using CTAB method. Cacao DNA was amplified using 18 SSR markers to determine their genetic variability. Afterward, the amplified DNA was separated using 6% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The result exhibited that 12 markers were polymorphic. Further analysis of these polymorphic markers using PowerMarker program revealed a total of 83 alleles were obtained from all cacao clones analyzed. Meanwhile, PIC values ranged from 0.55 to 0.86 with an average of 0.70. A genetic similarity matrix based on UPGMA revealed three main groups at 68% similarity coefficients. Interestingly, all of the 11 local cacao clones were clearly distinguished each other and also from the national varieties. The result demonstrated the usefulness of SSR markers for discriminating local cacao clones.Further study is required to use these local clones in cacao breeding programs.Keywords: Genetic variability, local clones, SSR markers, Theobroma cacao L. ABSTRACT Indonesia adalah negara produsen kakao terbesar ketiga di dunia yang memiliki banyak genotipe kakao unggul lokal, seperti yang terdapat di Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota, Sumatera Barat. Namun demikian, hanya sedikit informasi tentang latar belakang genetik dari kakao lokal tersebut yang diketahui. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menilai keragaman genetik 11 klon kakao lokal yang dikoleksi dari Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota, Sumatera Barat menggunakan marka SSR. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Terpadu Balai Penelitian Tanaman Industri dan

<em>Studying the fruit age and proper media formulation is one of the important stages in embryo culture of coffee. The data is highly benefical, especially in saving embryos generated from intra- and inter-species crosses that fall prematurely or experience problems in germination. The aim of this study was to determine the suitable age and media formulation for embryo culture of Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica coffee. The study was conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crops Research Institute from January 2019 to November 2020. Murashige and Skoog (MS) media with growth regulators adapted to embryonic development were used in this study. The three types of coffee divided into 5 groups, namely pinhead, immature, early mature, almost mature, mature, and used as planting material. The research was designed in a completely randomized design with 10 replications, and media formulation as a treatment. The results showed that embryo culture of the three coffee species was conducted successfully, except for pinhead fruit. The older the cultured fruit, the higher the percentage of germination. There is a difference in germination time between the three coffee species. The  medium for embryo culture should be adjusted with the age of the fruit being cultured. Aside from growing embryos, the cultured mature fruit embryos on MS medium given 0.5 mg/l BA can also be used for propagation by utilizing the secondary somatic embryos formation.</em>

<em>Temanggung is one of the centers of Robusta coffee production in Central Java, with a variety of potential local coffee clones. The exploration found that several numbers of local Robusta coffee clones had the potential to have high productivity and were resistant to pests/diseases. However, their level of genetic similarity to the superior clones that have been released has not been clearly identified. This study aimed to investigate the genetic variability of Temanggung local Robusta coffee clones based on SSR markers. The study was conducted at the Molecular Laboratory of the Integrated Laboratory, Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crops Research Institute from February to December 2018. A total of 29 local coffee clones derived from Temanggung along with two control coffee clones (BP 42 and BP 358) were used. All the 14 SSR markers used in the present study were polymorphic and could cluster those local coffee clones into 5 major groups at a genetic similarity coefficient of 0.57. Four local coffee clones (Putih Daun Lebar, Lokal, Tugusari Hijau and Tugusari Kuning) were in the same group with control clones in group I. One local clone (Tugusari Hijau) had a genetic similarity with the control clone BP 358 at 0.91. Meanwhile, the other 25 local clones were in different groups from the control clones. These local clones, which showed genetic distance far from the control clones, can be selected as candidates for local superior clones in coffee breeding program.</em>

Cacao is widely cultivated in Indonesia because of its economic benefits. The development of new varieties with desirable traits is required to meet industrial demands. In the present study, two hundred and four F1 cacao progenies have been generated from crossing between ten parental combinations to improve high-yielding varieties. However, progeny paternity of each clone remained undetermined. The study aimed to identify the male parents of F1 cacao populations using SSR markers. A total of 38 SSR markers were applied to screen polymorphism among ten parental combinations. Eleven polymorphic markers were used to amplify 204 cacao F1 hybrids. The genotype data were analyzed using the Cervus program to identify the true genotype of male parents. The result showed that 87 F1 progenies were identified as the true genotype of male parents at a 95% confidence level. Therefore, out of 204 F1 progenies, 87 F1 progenies have been identified their true male parents’ identity. This study demonstrated the utility of SSR markers to detect the true identity of male parents, which helps breeders select F1 progenies known to their parents’ identities.