In this work, a techno-economic assessment of the production of bio-oil, coke and gas, via thermo-catalytic pyrolysis followed by distillation, is accomplished. The raw materials were two solid wastes: lipid-based material (residual fat/scum from a fat retention box from the University Restaurant at the Federal University of Pará—UFPA) and a lignin-cellulosic material of açaí seed (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). From the literature, a review is made of the physicochemical analysis of the raw materials, of the bio-oil, and of the chemical composition of the biofuels produced (kerosene, light diesel, and heavy diesel). The bio-oil yields for each experiment of pyrolysis and distillation are also presented and compared with the literature. The economic indicators for the evaluation of the most viable cracking (pyrolysis) and distillation process of bio-oils were: (a) the simple payback criterion, (b) discounted payback, (c) net present value (NPV), (d) internal rate of return (IRR), and (e) index of profitability (IP). The analysis of the indicators showed the economic viability of the lipid-based material and unfeasibility for the açai seed (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). The breakeven point obtained was 1.28 USD/L and the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) obtained in this work for the biofuels was 1.34 USD/L). The sensibility analysis demonstrated that the pyrolysis and distillation yields are the most important variables to affect the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP).
In this study, the residual fat from fat boxes from the university restaurant at the Federal University of Pará was used as biomass to produce biofuels by thermocatalytic cracking, using as catalyst the red mud chemically activated with hydrochloric acid solution and thermally at 1000ºC. The cracking process of the residual fat with the activated red mud was carried out at a mass ratio of 10% w/w at a fixed temperature of 550°C and the product generated was collected in a fractionated way by the reaction time at 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes after the cracking reaction starts. Subsequently, the products were subjected to fractional distillation in a 12-stage vigreux column and the condensed fractions were collected according to the gasoline distillation temperature range (45°C-175°C), kerosene (175°C-235°C), light diesel (235°C-305°C) and heavy diesel (305°C-370°C). Considering the effects of temperature, catalyst ratio and acid solution concentration in the chemical treatment of red mud, the characteristics and compositions of the biofuels produced were systematically investigated by physical-chemical and compositional analyzes. The highest yield obtained was 97.46% at point 4 of the collection, also showing the lowest acid index of gasoline at point 4 with 9.4 mgKOH/g.
Physico-chemical and microbiological characterization of pineapple pulp and concentrate on industrial and laboratory scale Caracterização físico-química e microbiológica de polpa de abacaxi e do concentrado em escala industrial e laboratórial
RESUMOO presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar as propriedades reológicas de 4 traços de argamassa elaborada com adição de polímero Estireno Butadieno (SBR) em diferentes teores de resíduo de minério de cobre sulfetado (RMCS) e Cinza Volante (CV). Os traços de argamassa visam incorporar o RMCS como agregado miúdo reciclado e a CV como pozolana. Os materiais foram caracterizados através de Difração de raio-X (DRX), Microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e Peneiramento por analisadores de partículas a Laser, para o polímero SBR aplicou-se a técnica do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Para produção da argamassa foi formulado 4 traços de mistura dos materiais e água, com e sem SBR utilizando uma porcentagem que variou entre 10 e 20% de cimento Portland CP II E 32. Para os ensaios reológicos utilizou-se um viscosímetro rotacional modelo VT 550 (Haake), com sensor tipo cilindros coaxiais SV1 em taxas de 0 a 600 s-1 no intervalo de tempo de 120s. Os resultados mostraram que as argamassas aditivadas com SBR tiveram aumento da sua viscosidade aparente acompanhando a diminuição de sua área de histerese o que mostrou melhoria em sua plasticidade e trabalhabilidade. Palavras-chave:Cimento, argamassa polimérica, viscosidade aparente, reaproveitamento. ABSTRACTThis work aims to evaluate the rheological properties of 4 traces of mortar made with the addition of Styrene Butadiene polymer (SBR) in different levels of sulfide copper ore residue (RMCS) and fly ash (CV). The mortar traces aim to incorporate RMCS as recycled fine aggregate and CV as pozzolan. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sieving by laser particle analyzers, for the SBR polymer, the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) technique was applied. For the production of mortar, 4 mixtures of materials and water were formulated, with and without SBR, using a percentage that varied between 10 and 20% of Portland cement CP II E 32. For the rheological tests, a rotational viscometer model VT 550 was used (Haake), with SV1 coaxial cylinder type sensor at rates from 0 to 600 s-1 in the 120s time interval. The results showed that mortars added with SBR had an increase in their apparent viscosity following the decrease in their hysteresis area, which showed improvement in their plasticity and workability
RESUMO Neste trabalho foi estudado o processo de destilação do produto líquido orgânico, obtido no craqueamento catalítico do óleo de palma bruto em escala piloto, empregando a lama vermelha como catalisador, variando o percentual de catalisador em 10% m/m e 15% m/m em relação à matéria prima utilizada, sendo fixada uma temperatura operacional de 450ºC, visando obter frações de biocombustíveis (bio-gasolina, bioquerosene e bio-óleo) semelhantes aos combustíveis derivados do petróleo. O catalisador foi submetido a um pré-tratamento de desidratação durante 2 horas em uma estufa à 300ºC, posteriormente foram realizadas as análises de DRX, IR e TG. Quanto à matéria prima, foram realizadas análises físico-químicas, visando à caracterização do óleo de palma. Os produtos líquidos orgânicos (PLOs) obtidos foram submetidos a operações unitárias de separação, decantação e filtração simples em escala de bancada, para posteriormente serem realizadas análises físico-químicas e composicionais. Os PLOs foram destilados em uma coluna Vigreux de seis (06) estágios, e as frações condensadas foram coletadas de acordo com as faixas de destilação da gasolina (60ºC -190ºC), querosene (190ºC -235ºC) e diesel (235°C -370ºC), para posteriormente serem caracterizadas. Verificou-se que a lama vermelha apresentou rendimentos de até 64% m/m e produtos com baixa acidez cerca de 62,90 mgKOH/g, comparando este resultado com dados encontrados na literatura.
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