Thermocatalytic cracking of fat from fat boxes with activated red mud

Abstract

In this study, the residual fat from fat boxes from the university restaurant at the Federal University of Pará was used as biomass to produce biofuels by thermocatalytic cracking, using as catalyst the red mud chemically activated with hydrochloric acid solution and thermally at 1000ºC. The cracking process of the residual fat with the activated red mud was carried out at a mass ratio of 10% w/w at a fixed temperature of 550°C and the product generated was collected in a fractionated way by the reaction time at 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes after the cracking reaction starts. Subsequently, the products were subjected to fractional distillation in a 12-stage vigreux column and the condensed fractions were collected according to the gasoline distillation temperature range (45°C-175°C), kerosene (175°C-235°C), light diesel (235°C-305°C) and heavy diesel (305°C-370°C). Considering the effects of temperature, catalyst ratio and acid solution concentration in the chemical treatment of red mud, the characteristics and compositions of the biofuels produced were systematically investigated by physical-chemical and compositional analyzes. The highest yield obtained was 97.46% at point 4 of the collection, also showing the lowest acid index of gasoline at point 4 with 9.4 mgKOH/g.

Improving Fuel Properties and Hydrocarbon Content from Residual Fat Pyrolysis Vapors over Activated Red Mud Pellets in Two-Stage Reactor: Optimization of Reaction Time and Catalyst Content

“…The range of acid values displayed by all experiments is in accord to results obtained from other similar works published in the literature [44][45][46]60,61]. Almeida et al [44]…”

“…The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of C/F ratio (0.05, 0.075, 0.100) and reaction time (40,50,60,70, and 80 min) in the catalytic upgrading of residual fat vapors using temperature of 450 • C and 1.0 atmosphere, on yield, physicochemical parameters (density, kinematic viscosity, refractive index and acid value) and chemical composition of hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics) and oxygenates (carboxylic acids, esters, ketones, and aldehydes) of pyrolysis bio-oils, over a two-stage process consisting of a thermal pyrolysis step followed by catalytic upgrading in a fixed bed reactor containing 0.0, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0% (wt.) red mud pellets activated with 1.0 M HCl, in semi-pilot scale.…”

Catalytic Upgrading of Residual Fat Pyrolysis Vapors over Activated Carbon Pellets into Hydrocarbons-like Fuels in a Two-Stage Reactor: Analysis of Hydrocarbons Composition and Physical-Chemistry Properties

“…This is because at the beginning of reaction, the primary cracking occurs, forming oxygenated compounds [14][15][16]18]. Then, in the middle to the end of the reaction, secondary cracking occurs by de-carbonylation and de-carboxylation reactions, producing hydrocarbons [14][15][16]18,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37], and hydrocarbons have superior physicochemical properties than oxygenates, that is, lowers density, lower kinematic viscosity and lower acidity. Table 4.…”

“…The kinematic viscosity of bio-oils decreases because at the beginning of the catalytic cracking reaction, the primary cracking occurs, forming oxygenated compounds [19][20][21]23]. Then, in the middle to the end of the reaction, secondary cracking occurs by de-carbonylation and de-carboxylation, producing hydrocarbons [19][20][21]23,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37], and hydrocarbons have much lower viscosity than oxygenates. The influence of reaction time on the density of bio-oil by catalytic upgrading of residual fat pyrolysis vapors at 450 • C, 1.0 atm, 0.0%, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10.0% (wt.)…”

Produção De Matrizes Adsorventes a Partir De Zeólita a E Sodalíta / Adsorbents Matrices Production From Zeolite a and Sodalite

“…A remoção desses metais pode ser feita por diferentes processos, tais como a ultrafiltração; a remoção por biomassa com plantas aquáticas; utilização de matéria orgânica morta; emprego de microrganismos; a precipitação de metais por solos incinerados; a precipitação e flotação de sulfetos, inclusive o uso de resinas de troca iônica (AGUIAR et al 2002). No entanto, com o propósito de empregar trocadores iônicos que possuem baixo custo e alta disponibilidade, como os aluminossilicatos (sendo os principais componentes desse grupo são as argilas e as zeólitas), várias pesquisas estão sendo desenvolvidas para otimizar o processo de síntese de zeólitas, utilizando caulim, e também aproveitar os rejeitos industriais produzidos na região, assim como o trabalho de Oliveira et al (2020) que utiliza a lama vermelha ativada quimicamente como catalizador para produção de biocombustível de gorduras residuais em caixas de gorduras.…”