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i Elbow joint complex (EJC) refers to the articulations responsible for the combined movements of elbow flextonext_nszon, forearm pronation-suptnanon, anti forearm abductaon-adductzon Ipasszve mouonl.https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950004837 2018-05-09T16:41:09+00:00Z

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The impact on fungal growth and mycotoxin formation of interactions between fumonisinproducing isolates of Fusarium moniliforme and F proliferatum and a zearalenone (ZEA)-and deoxynivalenol (DON)-producing isolate of F graminearum inoculated together on irradiated maize at 15 and 25°C and at 0.98, 0.95 and 0.93 a w was studied. The presence of F graminearum decreased the fungal populations (CFU g À1 grain) of F moniliforme and F proliferatum under almost all conditions tested. In the presence of F moniliforme, CFUs of F graminearum increased signi®cantly at 25°C, especially at 0.93 and 0.95 a w , while the presence of F proliferatum caused them to increase at 15°C. The presence of F graminearum always inhibited FB 1 production, except at 25°C and 0.98 a w where it increased. However, the observed differences were not statistically signi®cant. There was no effect of fungal interaction on ZEA production by F graminearum; however, when paired with F moniliforme and F proliferatum, DON production by F graminearum was signi®cantly stimulated, especially at 0.98 a w .

In the United States, 250,000 people tear their anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) annually with females at higher risk of ACL failure then males. By predicting muscle forces during low impact maneuvers we may be able to estimate possible muscle imbalances that could lead to ACL failure during highly dynamic maneuvers. The purpose of this initial study was to predict muscle forces in males and females similar in size and activity level, during squat and lunge maneuvers. We hypothesized that during basic low impact maneuvers (a) distribution of quadriceps forces are different in males and females and (b) females exhibit quadriceps dominance when compared to males. Two males and three females performed squatting and lunging maneuvers while electromyography (EMG) data, motion capture data, and ground reaction forces were collected. Nine individual muscle forces for muscles that cross the knee were estimated using an EMG-driven model. Results suggest that males activate more their rectus femoris muscle than females, who in turn activate more their vastus lateralis muscle at their maximum flexion angle, and more their vastus medialis muscle when ascending from a squat. During the lunge maneuver, males used greater biceps femoris force than females, throughout the lunge, and females exhibited higher semitendinosus force. Quadriceps dominance was evident in both males and females during the prescribed tasks, and there was no statistical difference between genders. Understanding individual muscle force distributions in males and females during low impact maneuvers may provide insights regarding failure mechanisms during highly dynamic maneuvers, when ACL injuries are more prevalent.

The activity of certain muscles that cross the elbow joint complex (EJC) are affected by forearm position and forearm movement during elbow flexion/extension. To investigate whether these changes are based on the musculoskeletal geometry of the joint, a three-dimensional musculotendinoskeletal computer model of the EJC was used to estimate individual muscle activity in multi-degree-of-freedom (df) rapid (ballistic) elbow movements. It is hypothesized that this model could reproduce the major features of elbow muscle activity during multi-df elbow movements using dynamic optimal control theory, given a minimum-time performance criterion. Results from the model are presented and verified with experimental kinematic and electromyographic data from movements that involved both one-df elbow flexion/extension and two-df flexion/extension with forearm pronation/supination. The model demonstrated how the activity of particular muscles is affected by both forearm position and movement, as measured in these experiments and as previously reported by others. These changes were most evident in the flexor muscles and least evident in the extensor muscles. The model also indicated that, for specific one- and two-df movements, activating a muscle that is antagonistic or noncontributory to the movement could reduce the movement time. The major features of muscle activity in multi-df elbow movements appear to be highly dependent on the joint's musculoskeletal geometry and are not strictly based on neural influences or neuroanatomical substrates.