Background: The aim of the present study was to characterize and evaluate the nanoemulgel (NEG) of snakehead fish powder (SFP), as a transdermal delivery system for poorly water soluble drug, in order to conquer the inconveniences related to its oral conveyance. Methods: Diverse nanoemulsion components (oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant) were chosen based on solvency and emulsification capacity. SFP loaded nanoemulsion which tested by stress-stability testing was carried out for all formulations and those that passed these tests were characterized for mean droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, pH, viscosity, and transmittance. After that, this was continued by permeation studies using snake skin in vitro and rabbit skin in vivo studies i.e. skin irritation study and the effectiveness test. Results: Mean droplet size and zeta potential of the optimized nanoemulsion (NE4) were found to be 98.6 ± 0.93 nm (polydispersity index, PDI = 0.1 ± 0.20) and -57.5 ± 0.3 mV respectively. Optimized nanoemulsion was converted into nanoemulgel with 1.5% w/v of gelling agent (HPMC) and evaluated for pH, viscosity, spreadability, and extrudability measurement. Ex vivo transdermal permeation value for SFP through snake skin as membrane from NEG1, NEG2, NEG3 and marketed SFP cream showed results of 55.65 ± 0.93%, 56.14 ± 0.70%, 66.75 ± 1.03% and 49.80 ± 3.42% respectively in 3 hours. Moreover, all the treatment group did not show skin irritation of each group. The effect of burn wound healing of NEG3 showed a significant (P<0.05) on the measurement of wound area compared to marketed cream. Conclusion: The novel NEG of SFP was successfully formulated for transdermal application based on the results of evaluations and stability tests on accelerating burn wound healing.

Objective: Snakehead fish has been scientifically proven to increase levels of albumin and boost the immune system so that the formulation development is required. The objective of this study was to formulate and characterize snakehead fish powder (SFP) in the form of the oral double emulsion.Methods: The manufacture of snakehead fish powder used the conventional method with dry heating at 50 °C. Characterization of SFP utilized proximate analysis method per 3 g of SFP. The double emulsion preparation was carried out by mixing 30% of the primary emulsion (w/o) into 70% of the secondary emulsion (w) to form the w/o/w emulsion. This preparation was prepared in 4 formulas having variations in Tween 80 concentrations at the secondary emulsions of 0.7%, 3.5%, 7.0% and 10.5% w/v, respectively using the spontaneous emulsification method. After that, all formulations were doing some tests, i.e. organoleptic test, pH, viscosity, flow types, globular diameter test and stability tests.Results: The results of proximate analysis every 3 g of SFP have obtained the contents of protein, 16.89%, lipid 24.52%, water 1.73% and ash 1.05%. Based on the optimization of the formula, the preparation of F4 with the content of Tween 80 at 10.5% secondary emulsion is the best formula due to slow phase separation, pH 7, unchanged organoleptic properties, large internal and external globular diameter (6.35 μm and 8.9 μm), as well as having a high viscosity value (1569.84 p) which correspond to pseudo plastic flow.Conclusion: The novelty of SFP can be developed as double emulsion orally based on the results of characterization and evaluation of double emulsion.

The aim of the present study was to characterize and evaluate nanoemulgel of snakehead fish powder (SFP) for the poorly water-soluble drug. SFP was formulated into nanoemulsion utilizing the best comparison of surfactant, co-surfactant, and oil. Diverse nanoemulsion components (oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant) were chosen based on solvency and emulsification capacity. SFP 0.1% loaded nanoemulsion which tested by stress-stability testing which carried out for all formulations and those that passed these tests were characterized for droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, pH, viscosity, and transmittance. After that, nanoemulsion was added with 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5% of HPMC in different concentrations and mixed until nanoemulgel form and evaluated for pH, viscosity, spreadability, and extrudability measurement. The results of this research showed that SF nanoemulsion produced clear, stable, and transparent formula having the transmittance value 99.87%. Mean droplet size and zeta potential of the optimized nanoemulsion (NE4) were found to be 98.6±0.93 nm (PDI 0.1±0.20) and -57.5±0.3 MV respectively. Meanwhile, the evaluation results of nanoemulgel (NEG) showed NEG 1.5 gave pH 6.0, viscosity 210 cP, spreadability 5.8 g cm/s and extrudability 1.4 g/cm 2 . Otherwise, NEG 2.0 and NEG 2.5 had high viscosity and pH generating low spreading on the skin i.e. 3.9 g cm/s and 2.8 g cm/s respectively. The results of the evaluation and preparation stability test showed a good level of stability of NEG 1.5 with the viscosity and pH by one way ANOVA which did not change significantly.

A recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease also called Coronavirus disease 2019 in China, has rapidly spread to other countries of the world. The medical and scientific communities are working tirelessly to produce a vaccine due to the lethal nature of this virus. COVID-19 is a novel virus that requires immediate emergency therapy, thereby leading to massive fear of infection, social problems in the community, and an increase in the number of infected people. Therefore, scientists and researchers need to determine the epidemiological cases of the virus, such as its mode of transmission, effective preventive measures, and the nature of the life cycle. In addition, there need to be current literature advances in diagnostic development such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), computed tomography san (CT-Scan), ELISA as well as clinical researches on modern and herbal drugs for the treatment of infected patients. This treatment technique is classified from antiviral drugs such as entry, replication, nucleosides, nucleotides, and protease inhibitors, along with the use of heterocyclic drugs, monoclonal antibodies therapy, vaccine development and herbal formulations that have been pre-clinically tested in vitro and molecular docking. Chemical drug molecules with prospective applications in the treatment of COVID-19 have been included in this review.

A B S T R A C TBackground: Snakehead fish (Ophiocephalus striatus) is a freshwater fish that is utilized as anti-inflammatory and anticancer drug. The aim of this study was to determine the toxicity effect of snakehead fish powder (SFP), formulate it into liposome and in vitro study using sensitive and resistant breast cancer cells. Methods: Dried powder of snakehead fish was made using the atomizer then made a test solution which was divided into 7 treatment groups in different concentrations. They were exposed to zebrafish embryos then observed for 72 h post fertilization (hpf). After acquiring the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and lethal concentration (LC50) of SFP, these concentrations were used to formulate SFP into liposome by extrusion method. SFP-liposomes were characterized and stable tested. Afterwards, SFP-liposomes were evaluated in vitro using sensitive and resistant breast cancer cells. Results: The maximum allowed toxicant concentration of SFP was 0.0543 mg/mL meaning slight toxic symptoms, IC50 = 0.0945 mg/mL showing the growth inhibition of zebrafish embryos, and LC50 = 0.1549 mg/mL meaning very toxic category that has killed zebrafish embryos. The characterization results showed that size of SFP-liposome were 121 nm ± 0.29, polydispersity index 0.06 ± 0.02, zeta-potential -10.15 mV ± 0.36 and % entrapment efficiency (EE) 85.75% ± 2.24. Six weeks of stability study showed that size profile was stable at 25°C and 37°C. Moreover, SFP-liposomes inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation when evaluated with 4T1 and MDA-MB231-sensitive and resistant cells. Conclusion: SFP has bioactive compounds based on toxicity effect and can be formulated into liposome as a promising nanonutraceutical formulation.

Ikan gabus (Ophiocephalus striatus) merupakan jenis ikan yang hidup di air tawar dan sudah banyak dikenal oleh masyarakat. Khasiat dan kegunaan ikan gabus telah terbukti secara ilmiah dapat meningkatkan kadar albumin dan daya tahan tubuh serta mempercepat proses penyembuhan luka pasca- operasi. Adapun kandungan gizi dari ikan gabus terdiri dari protein albumin, asam-asam amino, asam lemak tak jenuh dan mineral. Senyawa bioaktif yang berperan dalam mempercepat proses penyembuhan luka adalah albumin, glisin, dan seng (Zn). Penyembuhan luka sangat bergantung pada proses biokimia yang terjadi pada kulit yang melibatkan faktor intrinsik dan ekstrinsik. Proses penyembuhan ini akan dipercepat dengan bantuan dari ekstrak kering ikan gabus yang dirancang dalam bentuk topikal seperti krim atau gel. Baik albumin, glisin dan Zn ini penting untuk penyembuhan luka karena protein ini mampu mengikat Zn dan membawanya dalam plasma darah. Kekurangan Zn mengurangi proses penyembuhan luka. Karena nutrisi ini, dan vitamin lainnya, hadir dalam ekstrak ikan gabus sehingga dapat memicu pembentukan Sel Progenitor Endotel (EPC) dan mempercepat penyembuhan luka. Kehadiran Zn dalam ekstrak ikan gabus kemungkinan menjadi faktor kunci yang berperan dalam penyembuhan luka dan juga meningkatkan nafsu makan anak-anak. Zn adalah mineral penting dalam struktur dan fungsi membran sel. Suplementasi Zn dapat membatasi kerusakan membran yang disebabkan oleh radikal bebas selama peradangan. Selanjutnya, Zn juga terlibat dalam sistem kekebalan tubuh, mulai dari sistem pertahanan oleh kulit hingga regulasi gen dalam limfosit.

Aim and Objective: SNEDDS (Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System) is an isotropic mixture of oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant which forms nanoemulsions spontaneously when comes in contact with gastric fluid thereby increasing the solubility of active substances. Astaxanthin is one of the active substances having low solubility so it suits well with this nanoformulation. This study aims to formulate and characterize Astaxanthin SNEDDS. Methods: This research is a laboratory experimental research using spontaneous emulsification method. Results: Astaxanthin SNEDDS was made in 3 formulations by using the ratio of surfactants and co-surfactants that were characterized to produce a transmittance value of F1 91%, F2 90%, and F3 95%, with a particle size of F1 183.75 nm with a PDI 0.272, F2 195.25 nm with a PDI 0.341, and F3 105.75 nm with a PDI 0.392. The entrapment efficiency (%EE) of Astaxanthine SNEDDS was found to be as follows; F1, F2, and F3 had 94.62, 94.35, and  95.57% EE respectively. The results showed that F3 with a surfactant concentration of 72% and co-surfactant 18% was the best formula in forming SNEDDS. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the higher the surfactant concentration, the greater its ability to reduce the interfacial tension of the oil droplets so as to obtain small particle sizes and high entrapment efficiency values.                   Peer Review History: Received: 1 May 2022; Revised: 9 June; Accepted: 25 June, Available online: 15 July 2022 Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, ari@ankara.edu.tr UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.  Received file:                                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, sally.elzahaby@yahoo.com Dr. Mohamed Salama, Modern University for Technology & Information, Egypt, salama47@yahoo.com

Objective: Sea cucumber Holothuria scabra is one of the marine animals that can be consumed as food and also efficacious as a drug. One of the benefits of sea cucumber has high cell regeneration ability. This study aims to see the profile of hepatoprotective histology of sea cucumber extract on mice that have been given paracetamol toxic dose.Methods: This experiment was conducted using experimental animal grouped of mice which were divided into six groups: Group I: sea cucumber extract 1%, Group II: 1000 mg/kg body weight (BW) or 25 mg/25 g BW, Group III: 750 mg/kg BW or 18.75 mg/25 g BW, Group IV: 500 mg/kg BW or 12.5 mg/25 g BW, Group V: positive control (curcuma tablet 2.5 mg/25 g BW), and Group VI: paracetamol group (62,5 mg/25 g BW). The histopathology test was performed to see the improvement of liver necrosis of mice.Results: The results of histopathological study showed that all groups of mice livers experienced necrosis (cell damage) and abnormalities. In the group of sea cucumber extract having dose 500 mg/kg BW, liver cells experienced degeneration of fat and hemorrhage as in the group of curcuma tablet, but in Group VI (paracetamol group), liver of mice experienced apoptosis (cell death). In the histopathology test, results can also be seen that in Group IV at doses of 500 mg/kg BW, the liver experienced slightly less severity than all other groups.Conclusion: The sea cucumber at doses of 500 mg/kg BW can improve the hepatic damage on mice induced by paracetamol.