COVID-19: Clinical Characteristics and Molecular Levels of Candidate Compounds of Prospective Herbal and Modern Drugs in Indonesia

Abstract

A recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease also called Coronavirus disease 2019 in China, has rapidly spread to other countries of the world. The medical and scientific communities are working tirelessly to produce a vaccine due to the lethal nature of this virus. COVID-19 is a novel virus that requires immediate emergency therapy, thereby leading to massive fear of infection, social problems in the community, and an increase in the number of infected people. Therefore, scientists and researchers need to determine the epidemiological cases of the virus, such as its mode of transmission, effective preventive measures, and the nature of the life cycle. In addition, there need to be current literature advances in diagnostic development such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), computed tomography san (CT-Scan), ELISA as well as clinical researches on modern and herbal drugs for the treatment of infected patients. This treatment technique is classified from antiviral drugs such as entry, replication, nucleosides, nucleotides, and protease inhibitors, along with the use of heterocyclic drugs, monoclonal antibodies therapy, vaccine development and herbal formulations that have been pre-clinically tested in vitro and molecular docking. Chemical drug molecules with prospective applications in the treatment of COVID-19 have been included in this review.

Antiviral Potential of Indian Medicinal Plants Against Influenza and SARS-CoV: A Systematic Review

“…Moreover, these drugs are associated with various side effects such as insomnia, gastrointestinal adverse effects, immune suppression, and cardiac rhythm disorders (Table 1). 8‐19 Thus, there is an urgent need for identifying efficacious molecules/phytochemicals against SARS-CoV-2.…”

“…Moreover, these drugs are associated with various side effects such as insomnia, gastrointestinal adverse effects, immune suppression, and cardiac rhythm disorders (Table 1). [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Thus, there is an urgent need for identifying efficacious molecules/phytochemicals against SARS-CoV-2. 20 Genomic and in silico structural characterization of SARS-CoV-2 has revealed its close resemblance to SARS-CoV.…”

Ethnomedicinal herbs in African traditional medicine with potential activity for the prevention, treatment, and management of coronavirus disease 2019

“…Psidium guajava was reported by Fukumoto et al in a Taiwanese patent in 2010 to possess Anti-SARS coronavirus activity [152]. Some studies have been carried out showing that Psidium guajava has some potential bioactive compounds that can breakdown coronavirus proteins [126,153,154].…”