A recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease also called Coronavirus disease 2019 in China, has rapidly spread to other countries of the world. The medical and scientific communities are working tirelessly to produce a vaccine due to the lethal nature of this virus. COVID-19 is a novel virus that requires immediate emergency therapy, thereby leading to massive fear of infection, social problems in the community, and an increase in the number of infected people. Therefore, scientists and researchers need to determine the epidemiological cases of the virus, such as its mode of transmission, effective preventive measures, and the nature of the life cycle. In addition, there need to be current literature advances in diagnostic development such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), computed tomography san (CT-Scan), ELISA as well as clinical researches on modern and herbal drugs for the treatment of infected patients. This treatment technique is classified from antiviral drugs such as entry, replication, nucleosides, nucleotides, and protease inhibitors, along with the use of heterocyclic drugs, monoclonal antibodies therapy, vaccine development and herbal formulations that have been pre-clinically tested in vitro and molecular docking. Chemical drug molecules with prospective applications in the treatment of COVID-19 have been included in this review.
Objective: Sesewanua leaves contain alkaloid compounds as antioxidants, and its leaves can be used to formulate SNEDDS dosage forms, which can effectively deliver the medicine. This study intended to determine the variation of surfactant concentration (Tween 80) and cosurfactant (PEG 400) towards pH, viscosity, nano-emulsion duration and characterization using PSA method (particle size and polydispersity index). Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental method and the independent variables in this study were variations in the concentration of surfactant (Tween 80) and cosurfactant (PEG 400), which consist of 3 formulas, such as SFS 1 (6:3), SFS 2 (7:2), and SFS 3 (8:1). The dependent variables in this study including pH, viscosity, nano-emulsion time, particle size and polydispersity index which utilized One Way Anova Post Hoc LSD (p>0.05) and Tamhane (p<0.05) tests as the data analysis. Results: The pH test SFS1-SFS3 has a pH value of 7.92, 8.30 and 8.35, followed by Viscosity test SFS1-SFS3, which has a viscosity value of 1.00 cP, 1.38 cP and 2.91 cP. Further, the SFS1-SFS3 nano emulsified time test had nano emulsified time in gastric and intestinal fluids 35.18s and 43.96s, 43.54s and 47.13s and 44.00s and 50.29s. Characterization of SFS1-SFS3 particle size in gastric and intestinal fluids 23.9 nm and 23.0 nm, 18.5 nm and 22.7 nm and 19.1 nm and 22.9 nm, while characterization of SFS1-SFS3 polydispersity index in gastric and intestinal fluids were 0.433 and 0.348, 0.451 and 0.440 and 0.568 and 0.462. Conclusion: The increase of variations in surfactant concentration and decreased cosurfactant significantly affected pH, viscosity, nano-emulsion time, and particle size of SFS preparations. However, the polydispersity index was not considerably affected.
The determination of specific parameters standardization of knicker nut (Caesalpinia BonducL.) methanol extract as the standardized herbal medicine raw materials has been carried out to ensure the quality improvement of traditional medicines and the efficacy of the plant. The purpose of this research is to determine the specific parameters of knicker nut extract so that it can be consumed as herbal medicines that have been scientifically tested. The knicker nut extract was obtained from the extraction employing the maceration method with methanol as the solvent. Specific parameters testing included extract identity, extract organoleptic, dissolved compound in certain solvents, along with extract chemical test. The results of extract identity testing show that the Latin name is CaesalpiniaBonducL. with the nut as the used part of the plant. The organoleptic test reveals that the plant is in the form of thick extract, blackish-brown in color, bitter, has pungent smell/typical smell of knicker nut, contains water-soluble compound of 10.33% with the standard deviation ±1.154707755, N-hexane-soluble compound of 3.33% with the standard deviation ±1.154707755, and methanol-soluble compound of 17.33% with the standard deviation ±3.511886957. Moreover, the flavonoids wavelengths are 382 nm (band I) and 262 nm (band II).
ABSTRAKManajemen pengelolaan obat adalah susunan kegiatan yang dilaksanakan secara optimal dan berhubungan dengan aspek perencanaan, pengadaan, penyimpanan, distribusi serta pemusnahan obat agar kebenaran banyaknya juga macam pembekalan perawatan serta pengobatan dapat tercapai. Berdasarkan observasi awal yang dilakukan, masih terdapat masalah terhadap pengelolaan sediaan farmasi dan bahan medis habis pakai, dimana masih terdapat kekosongan dari ketersediaannya. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui manajemen pengelolaan logistik sediaan farmasi serta perbekalan kesehatan yang meliputi perencanaan, pengadaan, penyimpanan, pendistribusian, dan pemusnahan di Instalasi Farmasi Kota Gorontalo. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain pengamatan deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif dimana data primer diperoleh dari angket berdasarkan Petunjuk Teknis yang dikeluarkan oleh Kemenkes, dan data sekunder berasal dari penelusuran dokumen. Berdasarkan hasil yang didapatkan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada proses perencanaan dan penyimpanan sediaan farmasi di Instalasi Farmasi Kota Gorontalo belum sesuai dengan standar yang ditetapkan oleh Kemenkes, sedangkan proses pengadaan, pendistribusian dan pemusnahan sudah sesuai dengan standar Kemenkes.Kata Kunci: Pengelolaan, Obat, IFKG ABSTRACTDrug management is a set of optimally conducted activities related to the aspects of drug planning, procurement, storing, distribution, and extermination. This was done to achieve the proper drug amount, types, supply, maintenance, and medication. Earlier observstion revealed problems in managing pharmaceutical stock and consumables, where some of the stocks are empty. This qualitative descriptive research focus on identifying pharmaceutical logistic stock and health supplies comprising drug planning, procurement, storing, distribution, and extermination in the pharmaceutical unit of Gorontalo. The primary data were obtained from questionnaires based on technical guidance by the health ministry while the secondary were obtained from related documents. Based on the findings, the pharmaceutical stock planning and storing process at the pharmacy unit did not meet the health ministry standards, which is opposite to the procurement, distribution, and extermination process.Keywords: Management, Medicine, IFKG
Objective: Sea cucumber Holothuria scabra is one of the marine animals that can be consumed as food and also efficacious as a drug. One of the benefits of sea cucumber has high cell regeneration ability. This study aims to see the profile of hepatoprotective histology of sea cucumber extract on mice that have been given paracetamol toxic dose.Methods: This experiment was conducted using experimental animal grouped of mice which were divided into six groups: Group I: sea cucumber extract 1%, Group II: 1000 mg/kg body weight (BW) or 25 mg/25 g BW, Group III: 750 mg/kg BW or 18.75 mg/25 g BW, Group IV: 500 mg/kg BW or 12.5 mg/25 g BW, Group V: positive control (curcuma tablet 2.5 mg/25 g BW), and Group VI: paracetamol group (62,5 mg/25 g BW). The histopathology test was performed to see the improvement of liver necrosis of mice.Results: The results of histopathological study showed that all groups of mice livers experienced necrosis (cell damage) and abnormalities. In the group of sea cucumber extract having dose 500 mg/kg BW, liver cells experienced degeneration of fat and hemorrhage as in the group of curcuma tablet, but in Group VI (paracetamol group), liver of mice experienced apoptosis (cell death). In the histopathology test, results can also be seen that in Group IV at doses of 500 mg/kg BW, the liver experienced slightly less severity than all other groups.Conclusion: The sea cucumber at doses of 500 mg/kg BW can improve the hepatic damage on mice induced by paracetamol.
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