BackgroundGrapevine powdery mildew Erysiphe necator is a major fungal disease in all grape growing countries worldwide. Breeding for resistance to this disease is crucial to avoid extensive fungicide applications that are costly, labor intensive and may have detrimental effects on the environment. In the past decade, Chinese Vitis species have attracted attention from grape breeders because of their strong resistance to powdery mildew and their lack of negative fruit quality attributes that are often present in resistant North American species. In this study, we investigated powdery mildew resistance in multiple accessions of the Chinese species Vitis piasezkii that were collected during the 1980 Sino-American botanical expedition to the western Hubei province of China.ResultsA framework genetic map was developed using simple sequence repeat markers in 277 seedlings of an F1 mapping population arising from a cross of the powdery mildew susceptible Vitis vinifera selection F2-35 and a resistant accession of V. piasezkii DVIT2027. Quantitative trait locus analyses identified two major powdery mildew resistance loci on chromosome 9 (Ren6) and chromosome 19 (Ren7) explaining 74.8 % of the cumulative phenotypic variation. The quantitative trait locus analysis for each locus, in the absence of the other, explained 95.4 % phenotypic variation for Ren6, while Ren7 accounted for 71.9 % of the phenotypic variation. Screening of an additional 259 seedlings of the F1 population and 910 seedlings from four pseudo-backcross populations with SSR markers defined regions of 22 kb and 330 kb for Ren6 and Ren7 in the V. vinifera PN40024 (12X) genome sequence, respectively.Both R loci operate post-penetration through the induction of programmed cell death, but vary significantly in the speed of response and degree of resistance; Ren6 confers complete resistance whereas Ren7 confers partial resistance to the disease with reduced colony size. A comparison of the kinetics of induction of powdery mildew resistance mediated by Ren6, Ren7 and the Run1 locus from Muscadinia rotundifolia, indicated that the speed and strength of resistance conferred by Ren6 is greater than that of Run1 which, in turn, is superior to that conferred by Ren7.ConclusionsThis is the first report of mapping powdery mildew resistance in the Chinese species V. piasezkii. Two distinct powdery mildew R loci designated Ren6 and Ren7 were found in multiple accessions of this Chinese grape species. Their location on different chromosomes to previously reported powdery mildew resistance R loci offers the potential for grape breeders to combine these R genes with existing powdery mildew R loci to produce grape germplasm with more durable resistance against this rapidly evolving fungal pathogen.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-016-0855-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Meristem culture and somatic embryogenesis are effective tools for virus elimination of vegetatively propagated crops including grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). While both have been shown to be useful to eliminate the main grapevine viruses, their efficiency differs depending on the virus and grapevine variety. In our work, we investigated the efficiency of these two virus elimination methods using small RNA high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and RT-PCR as virus diagnostics. Field grown mother plants of four clones representing three cultivars, infected with different viruses and viroids, were selected for elimination via somatic embryogenesis (SE) and meristem culture (ME). Our results show for the first time that using SE, elimination in mother plants was effective for all viruses, i.e., grapevine rupestris vein feathering virus (GRVFV), grapevine Syrah virus 1 (GSyV-1), Grapevine virus T (GVT) and grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV). This study also confirms previous studies showing that SE is a possible strategy for the elimination of GFkV, GRSPaV, HSVd, and GYSVd-1. Our results demonstrate that the efficacy of virus elimination via SE is relatively high while the purging of viroids is lower. Our work provides evidence that the efficiency of SE is comparable to that of the technically difficult ME technique, and that SE will offer a more effective strategy for the production of virus-free grapevine in the future.

The effect of Medicago sativa (alfalfa) ferritin gene (MsFer) on abiotic stress tolerance was tested using transgenic Vitis berlandieri 9 Vitis rupestris cv. 'Richter 110' grapevine rootstock lines. Leaf discs from transgenic plants maintained higher photosynthetic activity after NaCl, tert-butyl-hydroperoxide (t-BHP) or paraquat treatment than control ones. These results indicate that the increased production of ferritin significantly improved abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic grapevine plants.

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Grapevine virus T (GVT) is a recently described foveavirus, which was identified from a transcriptome of a Teroldego grapevine cultivar in 2017. Recently, we surveyed vineyards and rootstock plantations in Hungary using small RNA (sRNA) high-throughput sequencing (HTS), at a time when GVT had not yet been described. A re-analysis of our sRNA HTS datasets and a survey of grapevines by RT-PCR revealed the presence of GVT in most of the vineyards tested, while at rootstock fields its presence was very rare. The presence and high variability of the virus in the country was confirmed by sequence analysis of strains originating from different vineyards. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of GVT in Hungary and show its high diversity, suggesting that GVT presence may not seriously affect grapevine health and that it could have been present in European vineyards for a long time as a latent infection.

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Arany János nagykőrösi éveinek (1851–1860) kutatása a levelezéseinek átfogó elemzésével még nem valósult meg, melynek több oka is van. Egyrészt az 1848–1849-es események hatásaival is magyarázható a korszak hiányzó irodalomelméleti bemutatása, hiszen a Habsburg ,,szigor” kérlelhetetlensége közismert volt és kihatott a XX. század történelmére is. Emellett az is indokolja a jelen mű közreadását, hogy Arany leveleinek egymással való összehasonlítása hűen mutatja be a XIX. századi kultúrtörténeti kapcsolatok alakulását, változásait és hatásait egyaránt. Utóbbi esetében ismernünk kell Arany pillanatnyi gondolatai és érzelmei mellett helyzetének valamennyi aspektusát, illetve levelezőtársai felé való viszonyát is. Kutatásomban elsődleges célom Arany korabeli levelezéseinek dokumentumait úgy bemutatni, hogy abban a XIX. századi korszellem és az ennél is értékesebb, gondolkodó Arany égisze is megjelenjen. Ennek érdekében a korszak legjelentősebb – és legpontosabb – szakirodalmára támaszkodva, de saját véleményemnek is teret engedve mutatom be Arany legtermékenyebb irodalmi időszakának pillanatait, a kőrösi élet megannyi pozitív és negatív oldalával és téves adataival együtt. Munkámban arra kerestem a választ, hogy milyen érzelemmel és milyen körülmények között került Arany Nagykőrösre, fogadta el a tanári meghívást és vált az alföldi város legnagyobb büszkeségévé. Végül írásomban nem mehetek el szó nélkül azon tény mellett, hogy az Arany János-emlékév egyik legfontosabb állomása Nagykőrös városa volt, mely a bicentenáriumot megelőzően is méltósággal ápolta Arany emlékét és hagyatékát, illetve ezen nemes feladatot – mely az utánunk jövő generációk kötelessége is – folytatnunk kell, melynek egyik kézzel fogható lenyomata a jelen írásom is.

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