Objective: Sociodemographic factors may affect adherence to specific dietary patterns during pregnancy. The present study aimed to identify dietary patterns during pregnancy and associated factors among Brazilian pregnant women. Design: A cross-sectional analysis. Dietary intake was evaluated with a semiquantitative FFQ during the first postpartum week; the time frame included the second and third gestational trimesters. Principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns during pregnancy. Sociodemographic data were obtained using a structured questionnaire. Multiple linear regressions were applied to test the associations between the sociodemographic factors and dietary patterns. Setting: Mesquita, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2011. Subjects: Postpartum women (n 327) who were 18-45 years of age and Mesquita residents. Results: Three different dietary patterns were identified: 'healthy' (mainly comprising legumes, vegetables and fruits), 'mixed' (mainly comprising candy, butter and margarine, and snacks) and 'traditional' (mainly comprising beans and rice). Women with a higher monthly per capita family income (β = 0·0006; 95 % CI 0·0001, 0·001; P = 0·011) and women of older age (β = 0·021; 95 % CI −0·001, 0·042; P = 0·058) were more likely to adhere to the 'healthy' dietary pattern. Women with higher parity were less likely to adhere to the 'healthy' pattern (β = − 0·097; 95 % CI −0·184, −0·009; P = 0·030) and were more likely to adhere to the 'traditional' pattern (β = 0·098; 95 % CI 0·021, 0·175; P = 0·012). Although not statistically significant, older women were less likely to adhere to the 'mixed' (β = − 0·017; 95 % CI −0·037, 0·003; P = 0·075) and 'traditional' (β = − 0·018; 95 % CI −0·037, 0·001; P = 0·061) dietary patterns. Conclusions: Monthly per capita family income, parity and maternal age were factors associated with adherence to a healthy diet during pregnancy.

Objective: To characterize energy and macronutrient intakes in Brazil and to describe the top food items contributing to energy and macronutrient intakes. Design: Two non-consecutive 24 h dietary records were collected and energy and macronutrient data were adjusted for usual intake distribution. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA with the Bonferroni post hoc test were analysed using SAS version 9·1. Means and standard deviations were estimated for sex, age and income strata. Setting: Nationwide cross-sectional survey, [2008][2009]. Subjects: Nationally representative sample of individuals ≥10 years old (n 32 749), excluding pregnant and lactating women (n 1254). Results: The average energy intake was 7958 kJ/d (1902 kcal/d) and mean energy density was 6·82 kJ/g (1·63 kcal/g). Added sugar represented 13 % of total energy intake and animal protein represented 10 %. The mean contribution of total fat to energy intake was 27 %, while the mean saturated fat contribution was 9 %. Compared with the lowest quartile of income, individuals in the highest income quartile had greater mean intakes of energy, added sugar, alcohol, animal protein, total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat and trans fat. Rice, beans, beef, bread and coffee were among the top five foods contributing most to the intakes of energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat and fibre. Conclusions: In general, Brazilians' dietary intake is compatible with a high risk of obesity and non-communicable chronic diseases, being characterized by high intakes of added sugar and saturated fat. Income may be a major determinant of diet nutritional characteristics. Keywords Food consumption Dietary survey Food records Energy intakeSimilar to many other countries, the dietary patterns in Brazil have changed rapidly and drastically in recent decades. These changes are characterized by the increased intake of processed foods and consequently of saturated fats and simple sugars. The excessive consumption of these foods has been linked to the development of excessive weight gain and to an increased risk CVD(1) as obesity is a leading risk factor for many adverse health outcomes including dyslipidaemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, CVD and certain types of cancer (2) . In 2007, 72 % of deaths in Brazil were attributed to non-communicable diseases, especially stroke, CVD and cancer (3) . Additionally, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Brazil has increased steadily since 1974 in both females and males, as well as across all income quintiles. In the 35 years elapsed from 1974-1975 to 2008-2009, the prevalence of overweight in adults almost tripled among males (18·5 % to 50·1 %) and almost doubled among females (from 28·7 % to 48·0 %). In the same period, the prevalence of obesity more than quadrupled among males (from 2·8 % to 12·4 %) and doubled among females (from 8·0 % to 16·9 %) (4) . Despite the importance of diet in the development of these diseases, which are among the main causes of mortality in Brazil (3) , and the accelerated progression of overweigh...

BackgroundClimateric is a phase of women’s life marked by the transition from the reproductive to the non-reproductive period. In addition to overall weight gain, the menopause is also associated with the increase of abdominal fat. We used The Healthy Eating Index as a summary measure to evaluate the major components and the quality of women’s diet after the onset of the menopause. This study aims at examining the association between the quality of the diet and cardiometabolic risk factors in postmenopausal women.MethodsCross-sectional study including 215 postmenopausal women attending a public outpatient clinic. The 24-hour dietary recall method was used to assess the food intake and to establish the Healthy Eating Index. Diets were then classified as appropriate diet (>80 points), diet “requiring improvement” (80–51 points), and poor diet (<51 points). Cardiometabolic risk factors included abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. The Fisher’s exact test was utilized for the Statistical analysis.ResultsThe analysis of the food intake showed that the average daily intake of lipids (36.7%) and sodium (2829.9 mg) were above the recommended. Only 8.8% of the women performed moderate or intense physical exercises on a regular basis. The diet was considered poor in 16.3%, “requiring improvement” in 82.8%, and appropriate for only 0.9% of the women. The study detected increased waist circumference in 92.1% of the participants. The mean concentration of triglycerides was of 183.3 mg/dl, and 130.7 mg/dl for cholesterol (Low Density Lipoprotein).ConclusionWomen consume a low quality diet, possibly due to the low intake of vegetables and fruits and excessive consumption of sodium. These inappropriate eating habits are associated with and, have a negative impact on the cardiometabolic risk factors such as abdominal obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between socio-demographic factors and dietary patterns in pregnancy. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with baseline data from a cohort of 421 postpartum women aged 18 and 45 years resident in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Dietary intake was evaluated with a validated food frequency questionnaire at 15 days following delivery, having as time frame the second and third pregnancy trimesters. Dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis for principal components analysis. The association between socio-demographic factors and the identified dietary patterns was assessed with multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Two dietary patterns were identified: i) healthy: fruits; green vegetables; vegetables; fish; roots, corn and potato; milk and dairy and herbal tea mate, and negatively loadings for alcohol and coffee and ii) mixed: rice; bean; flour and pasta; breads; cake and cookies; soda and juice; sugar and sweets; fatty foods; meats; chicken; and eggs. The linear regression showed that the income (β=0.0002; 95%CI: 0.0002-0.0004) and schooling (β=0.0491; 95%CI: 0.0264-0.0718) were positively associated with healthy pattern, and parity (β=-0.1044; 95%CI: -0.1665- -0.0423) and skin color (β=-0.3102; 95%CI: -0.5256- -0.0947) were negatively associated. Skin color (β=0.1647; 95%CI: 0.0378- 0.2916) and marital status (β=0.1065; 95%CI: 0.0062- 0.2067) were positively associated with mixed pattern and income (β=-0.0001; 95%CI:-0.0002- -0.0001) and schooling (β=-0.0281; 95%CI: -0.0417- -0.0146) were negatively associated. CONCLUSION: Socio-demographic factors such as income, schooling, skin color, marital status and parity were associated with dietary patterns in this sample of postpartum women residents in Rio de Janeiro.

OBJECTIVE:To test the effi cacy of nutritional guidelines for school lunch cooks aiming to reduce added sugar in school meals and their own sugar intake. METHODS:A controlled randomized cluster trial was carried out in twenty public schools in the municipality of Niteroi in Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil, from March to December 2007. A nutrition educational program was implemented in the schools in question through messages, activities and printed educational materials encouraging reduced levels of added sugar in school meals and in the school lunch cooks' own intake. The reduced availability of added sugar in schools was evaluated using spreadsheets including data on the monthly use of food item supplies. The cooks' individual food intake was evaluated by a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements were taken according to standardized techniques and variation in weight was measured throughout the duration of the study. RESULTS:There was a more marked reduction in the intervention schools compared to the control schools (-6.0 kg versus 0.34 kg), but no statistically signifi cant difference (p = 0.21), although the study power was low. Both groups of school lunch cooks showed a reduction in the consumption of sweets and sweetened beverages, but the difference in sugar intake was not statistically signifi cant. Weight loss and a reduction in total energy consumption occurred in both groups, but the difference between them was not statistically signifi cant, and there was no alteration in the percentages of adequacy of macronutrients in relation to energy consumption. CONCLUSIONS:The strategy of reducing the use and consumption of sugar by school lunch cooks from public schools could not be proved to be effective. Obesity is viewed as a global epidemic. It refl ects the complex interaction of genetic, metabolic, cultural, environmental, socio-economic and behavioral factors, although it's most basic explanation lies in energy intake. 19 Consumption of carbohydrates, principally in the form of simple sugars, has increased over the last 20 years, as have rates of obesity and being overweight. 9

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The aim of this study was to analyze the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of unjust and avoidable inequalities (called iniquities) in Brazil. A bibliographic search of texts relating to basic sanitation, socioeconomic development and transmission of COVID-19 itself was carried out. The focus was on discussion of the pandemic and on making connections with Brazil's structural problems and comparisons with other countries, especially those of low to medium developmental level (i.e. similar to Brazil). COVID-19 The coronavirus family of viruses causes respiratory infections. A new type of virus from this family was discovered on December 31, 2019, subsequent to the first recorded cases in China, and was named SARS-CoV-2. The disease caused by the new virus, COVID-19, gives rise to clinical

Background The breakfast is the most important meal of the day, and its quality is essential for children and adolescents to maintain proper health condition. However, the nutritional composition of breakfast remains poorly studied. The aim of this study was to characterize the nutritional quality of Brazilian adolescents’ breakfast. Methods This is a cross-sectional study, conducted in 2005, including 1133 students from public schools, between 10 and 14 years old, in Niterói, Brazil. Information regarding breakfast consumption was obtained using 24-h dietary recall. Cluster analysis was applied to characterize the breakfast nutritional profiles. Results Of the sample, 16 % did not have breakfast on the survey day, and skipping breakfast was more frequent among overweight than among of normal-weight individuals (20 vs. 15 %; P = 0.04) as well as among those studying in the morning shift compared to adolescents studying in the afternoon shift (18 vs. 10 %; P < 0.01). The mean daily energy, macronutrient, calcium, and vitamin A intakes were significantly higher among individuals who had breakfast compared with those who did not. The breakfast contribution to the daily energy intake was, on average, of 18 %. The food profile analysis showed that breakfast could be characterized by the type of beverage consumed in the meal, and five eating profiles were identified: “Coffee or tea,” “Milk or milk-based beverages,” “Sugar-sweetened beverages,” “No beverage consumption,” and “More than one type of beverage”. Conclusions The dietary breakfast choices were related with the daily energy and nutrient intake and the type of beverage characterized the breakfast food selection among Brazilian adolescents.