Betung Kerihun National Park (TNBK) and Danau Sentarum National Park (TNDS) is one of the Conservation District that directly adjacent to neighboring Malaysia and as a form of Transboundary Conservation Area (TBCA) between Indonesia and Malaysia. This national park is also included in the National Tourism Strategic Area (KSPN) and becomes one of the three Destination Management Organization of the Ministry of Tourism of the Republic of Indonesia as well as the National Tourism Destination. Tourism sector, particularly ecotourism can be used as the spearhead and even become a leading sector in increasing the potential of PAD. This study aims to analyze the tourism potential and attractions of attraction in two national parks and determine the feasibility in ecotourism development. This research was using descriptive research, with approach using analysis of tourism potency and object of natural tourist attraction (Obyek Daya Tarik Wisata Alam/ODTWA). The results show that TNBK and TNDS is feasible to be developed as ecotourism destination based on the recapitulation of potential value of objects and natural attractions attraction with a potential value index of 78.20%. Some criteria that require attention and improvement are accessibility and accommodation, so it can be a priority if this national park area developed into ecotourism destination.

Betung Kerihun National Park (BKNP) is a transboundary conservation area. BKNP region has various attractive ecotourism activities are covered in the context of the nature, culture and 55adventure. But the number of foreign tourists who have visited is still low. BKNP has not been a major tourist destination yet, because the stakeholders have not synergistic in the management of ecotourism in BKNP. The study of stakeholders in accordance with its role and function is urgently needed. This research aims to identify the stakeholders and determine the relationship between stakeholders who are involved in the ecotourism development at BKNP. The data were analyzed using stakeholders analysis methods. There were 23 stakeholders identified involved in the ecotourism development in BKNP. The stakeholder mapping resulted in four as subject (high interest but low influence), six stakeholders as key player (high influence and high importance), eight stakeholders as setter context (high influence but low interest), and five stakeholders as crowd (low influence and low interests). There were three relationships between each stakeholder that were identified, which are communication, cooperation, and coordination.

No abstract

The arrangement of self-governance institutions is the main obstacle to achieving sustainability for ecosystems and local livelihoods. The aim of this study was to describe the institutional sustainability of Community Conservation Agreement (CCA) in Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), located in Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. This study applied a descriptive method by identifying and analyzing the relationship between characteristics of the community and nearby resources, as well as the regulations and rules (formal and local rules arranged in CCA), behavior and performance of institutional CCA, and the interests and power of stakeholders. The research demonstrates that high institutional sustainability of CCA is not only determined by the relations among the community, but that it is also motivated by the common interests to preserve water in the LLNP area as a means for avoiding disaster. However, principles of collective-choice arrangements, minimal recognition of rights to organize, and nested enterprises in CCA were not running well. Strategies to improve the institutional sustainability of CCA include unifying landscape zones that describe property rights of local communities within a conservation area that is recognized by all stakeholders and should be supported by formal legal rules.

Abstract. Umaya R, Hardjanto, Soekmadi R, Sunito S. 2020. Direct economic benefits and human dependence toward Gunung Merapi National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 982-993. Merapi (Java, Indonesia) is recognized as the most active volcano in Indonesia. This area has also gazetted as a national park, called Gunung Merapi National Park (GNMP), despite the existence of humans who live adjacent to the park with high dependency on its resources. The objectives of this study were to determine direct use value (DUV) and investigate human dependence toward the goods and services generated from GNMP. The research was conducted in 27 sub-villages. In total 277 respondents and 62 key informants were selected using purposive sampling and 9 times focus group discussion. The DUV was estimated using market price approach. The results of this study found that the DUV of GMNP was IDR 87,947,589,505 year-1, generated from direct benefit of grasses for animal feedstock (41.74%), sand mining (31.32%), water consumption (20.23%), fuelwood collection (3.57%), ecotourism activities (1.65%), land management for agriculture (1.48%), and orchid conservation program (0.01%). The dominance of DUV derived from grasses collection, sand mining and water consumption was highly correlated with the characteristics of sub-villages communities, influenced by the events of eruption of Merapi volcano, changes in legal status of forest function and market situations. Sub-village communities have historically developed reciprocal relationships with Merapi volcano and its surrounding ecosystem in terms of ecological, economic, and cultural aspects, and they played important roles in natural resources management of Merapi volcano. The findings of this study suggest that an important strategy for GMNP authority is by positioning sub-village communities and their norms as resource beneficiaries and partners in managing the park, highlighting that their existence should not be neglected.

Tourism management has been developed in Bunaken National Park (BNP) but has not shown satisfactory results. This research aim to identify and describe the roles and the needs of stakeholders in the governance of tourism in BNP. its management, as well as the laws and regulations on governing the development of tourism in the conservation area, (2) coordination and communication at the regional level to unify the perception on the development of governance of tourism in BNP, and (3) implementation and synchronization of activities and programs of tourism development in BNP by stakeholders. Active roles and needs of the stakeholders can be met through more intensive coordination in supporting the management of BNP. The impact of the research is to provide input to the better tourism governance in BNP.Keywords: Stakeholders, tourism governance, Bunaken National Park. ABSTRAKPengelolaan pariwisata telah dikembangkan di Taman Nasional Bunaken (TNB), namun belum memperlihatkan hasil yang cukup memuaskan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menguraikan peranan serta kebutuhan para pemangku kepentingan dalam tata kelola pariwisata di TNB. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, studi dokumen dan observasi. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis pemangku kepentingan dan analisis kebutuhan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya 17 pemangku kepentingan dalam tata kelola pariwisata di TNB dan sebagian besar berperan sebagai yang mempunyai kepentingan dan pengaruh key player yang tinggi. Hubungan antara pemangku kepentingan berupa koordinasi, kerja sama, dan potensi konflik. Kebutuhan yang diperlukan pemangku kepentingan dalam tata kelola pariwisata di TNB, yaitu: (1) pemahaman pemangku kepentingan tentang TNB dan pengelolaannya serta ketentuan peraturan perundangan yang mengatur pengembangan pariwisata di kawasan konservasi; (2) koordinasi dan komunikasi di tingkat daerah untuk menyatukan persepsi tentang tata kelola pariwisata di TNB dan (3) implementasi dan sinkronisasi dari kegiatan dan program pengembangan pariwisata di TNB dari para pemangku kepentingan. Peranan yang aktif dan kebutuhan para pemangku kepentingan dapat dipenuhi melalui koordinasi yang lebih intensif dalam menunjang pengelolaan TNB. Dampak dari penelitian memberikan masukan bagi tata kelola pariwisata di TNB yang lebih baik.

The dynamic eruption of Mount Merapi of Merapi National Park has partially changed the slope condition due to differences in the direction and scale of the eruption. National park boundary affecting the vary distance of the sub villages to the top of the mountain that influence to physical condition. This study examines the livelihood adaptation patterns of sub villages community in the slopes of Merapi. A mixed method between Geographic Information System and ethnography was used to explore the changes in physical and social conditions of the sub-villages. The study was conducted in 27 sub villages, interviewed 277 respondents and 62 key informants, field observations and study literatures. The results showed varied livelihood adaptation patterns, namely 1) the west-southwest, area most affected by pyroclastic flow (>20 times), the community have accumulated knowledge of eruption. Mining and Sallaca edulis plantation were the dominant livelihoods2) the south-southeast, area was severely affected by eruptions and largest eruption in the past 140 years. Variety of livelihoods including livestock, farming, tourism activities and mining. The 2010 eruption has changed the ecosystem and economic sources, resulting in the shift of a part livelihood from livestock farming to tourism services. and 3) the north-east, north area was exposed by pyroclastic flows twice, and east was never directly exposed. The vulnerability of ecosystem and economic sources were low, while accumulation of community’s knowledge has not changed over a long period of time. Livestock and farming were dominant, The communities have opportunity to develop complex and advanced agricultural systems. Nevertheless the physical conditions have led to underdeveloped livestock farming systems.

iV 3.4 Criteria and Indicators Related to the Maintenance of Ecosystem Integrity 44 3.4.1 Major Conclusions 44 3.4.2 Commonalities 44 3.4.3 Differences 47 3.4.4 Field Experience vs Workshop Experience 48 3.4.5 Cost Effectiveness, Reliability and Utility 48 3.4.6 Results from the Test in Austria 49 3.5 Criteria and Indicators Related to the Social Environment within which Forest Management Takes Place 50 3 5.