Resumo Sempre que é preciso classificar um conjunto de dados num dado número de categorias, vários tipos (Cohen, 1968). Por fim, algumas críticas feitas a este coeficiente de acordo inter--juízes são sumariamente discutidas.Palavras-chave: Acordo inter-juízes, Coeficiente kappa, Kappa ponderado. AbstractWhenever one needs to classify a set of data in a given number of categories, several types of biases can occur. In order to minimize them, it's frequent to recourse to more than one judge to categorize the same data, analyzing afterwards the degree of their agreement and consequently the reliability of the classification. Among the several interrater agreement indexes mentioned in the literature, kappa coefficient (Cohen, 1960) is referred as the most frequently used when variables in study are nominal. Laboratório de Psicologia, 5(1): 81-90 (2007) © 2007 Acordo inter-juízes: O caso do coeficiente kappaRicardo Fonseca Pedro Silva Rita Silva Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, PortugalA correspondência relativa a este artigo deverá ser enviada para: Ricardo Fonseca, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, Rua Jardim do Tabaco,

This paper integrates the motivational states of challenge and threat within a dual processing perspective. Previous research has demonstrated that individuals experience a challenge state when individuals have sufficient resources to cope with the demands of a task (Blascovich et al., 1993). Because the experience of resource availability has been shown to be associated with superficial processing (Garcia-Marques and Mackie, 2007), we tested the hypothesis that challenge is associated with superficial processing in two persuasion experiments. Experiment 1 revealed that inducing attitudes of participants in a challenge state was not sensitive to the quality of arguments presented. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the effect occurs even when task engagement, manipulated by the presence (vs. the absence) of a task observer (Blascovich et al., 1993), is high. The implications of these results for the biopsychosocial model model and the cognitive and motivational literature are discussed.

ResumoNeste trabalho apresentamos as normas de valência, familiaridade, medo, nojo (i.e., bee, gecko, centipede, mouse and cockroach) or non-domestic Laboratório de Psicologia, 12(1): 41-56 (2014) Abstract In this paper we present the norms for a set of 50 images of animals that were evaluated by a total sample of 78 college students regarding the following dimensions: valence, familiarity, fear, disgust and dangerousness. Ten categories of animals were selected based on the assumption of their negativity and association to emotions such as fear and disgust and included images of animals likely to be found either in a domestic ISPA -Instituto UniversitárioO presente artigo foi preparado com o apoio da Fundação Bial no âmbito do projecto #172/10 coordenado pot Teresa GarciaMarques.A correspondência relativa a este artigo deverá ser enviada para:

A widely ignored finding in social facilitation suggests that the mere presence of others increases the "spreading out" of one's thoughts (Allport, 1920). Here, we revisit this finding and expand upon it using a situated cognition perspective.Experiment 1 approached the spreading-out-of-thought effect using the same free-association task as Allport. Results replicated and extended previous findings. Compared to an alone condition, co-action and mere presence activated more associations, being that these associations are more context-related and more distant in the target word associative network.Assuming that this spreading-out-of-thought effect arises from an increased salience of context-related processing, we tested this hypothesis using the Framed-Line Test paradigm in Experiment 2. Results showed that, as expected, co-action increased accuracy of estimation judgments that required incorporation of contextual information in processing.These results support and extend Allport's view that presence of others broadens our thoughts. We discuss this idea, suggesting that social contexts may prompt cognition to be more situated.Recent situated cognition approaches within social psychology (Levine, Resnick,

A robust finding in social psychology research is that performance is modulated by the social nature of a given context, promoting social inhibition or facilitation effects. In the present experiment, we examined if and how social presence impacts holistic face perception processes by asking participants, in the presence of others and alone, to perform the composite face task. Results suggest that completing the task in the presence of others (i.e., mere co-action) is associated with better performance in face recognition (less bias and higher discrimination between presented and non-presented targets) and with a reduction in the composite face effect. These results make clear that social presence impact on the composite face effect does not occur because presence increases reliance on holistic processing as a "dominant" well-learned response, but instead, because it increases monitoring of the interference produced by automatic response.