Abstract
This study aims to determine the effect of apparatus competence, individual morality, organizational culture, accountability practices, and whistleblowing on fraud prevention in the management of village funds. This research was conducted in Prambanan District, Klaten. This study used a simple random sampling method with 83 respondents. Questionnaries were uses as data collection techniques in this study. The results of this study indicate that the competence of the apparatus, individual morality, and accountability practices affect the prevention of fraud in the management of village funds. Meanwhile, organizational culture and whistleblowing have no effect on fraud prevention in managing village funds.
Keywords : accountability practices; apparatus competence; fraud prevention; individual morality; organizational culture; whistleblowing.
Hiperglikemik yang tidak terkontrol memicu pembentukan reactive oxygen species (ROS) yang berlebih di dalam tubuh sehingga menyebabkan peroksidasi lemak pada membran sel. Regulasi jumlah ROS dapat diukur melalui kadar malondealdehid. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui efektivitas ekstrak daun sirsak (EDS) terhadap kadar Malondialdehid hepar tikus diabetik. Sebanyak 30 ekor tikus putih jantan galur Wistar dikelompokkan menjadi (K1) pakan standar dan aquades, (K2) pakan tinggi lemak dan vitamin E α-tokoferol 150 IU/kgBB/hari, dan kelompok yang menggunakan pakan tinggi lemak dengan tiga dosis EDS 75 mg/kgBB/hari (K3), 150 mg/kgBB/hari (K4), dan 300 mg/kgBB/hari (K5). Ekstrak daun sirsak diberikan selama 21 hari setelah hari ke-3 induksi aloksan dan pakan tinggi lemak selama 5 minggu. Analisis data menggunakan uji One Way ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Post Hoc Least Significant Differences. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada kelompok perlakuan K4 dibandingkan kelompok perlakuan K3, K5 dan kelompok kontrol K2 menunjukkan penurunan kadar gula darah puasa (131,1 mg/dL) dan kadar Malondialdehid (0.35796 nm/mL) yang lebih baik. Kesimpulan penelitian ini bahwa ekstrak daun sirsak efektivitas menurunkan kadar Malondialdehid dengan dosis optimal 150 mg/kgBB/hari.
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is widely used for cell culture media, especially its function as a growth supplement with high growth-promoting factors. An optimal culture medium is needed to increase protein transduction. Unfortunately, FBS reported as media contained protease and contaminated with pathogen microorganisms from an animal host. Fibroblast preputium cell is easy to culture and can be a good model for assessing the medium culture system. In this study, FBS was substituted with honey and royal jelly to find an alternative FBS. This study aimed to determine the effectivity of serum-free DMEM medium with honey from Tetragonula
sp. and royal jelly from Apis mellifera (Ceiba pentandra) on the proliferation of fibroblasts preputium cells. The research design used true experimental methods. Samples were taken from healthy people. Fibroblast cells were cultured with various concentrations of honey and royal jelly (0.1%, 1%, 5%). The best result of those various concentrations continued until 9 days with continuous checking in every three days measured with Microtetrazolium (MTT) assay test. Fibroblast cells cultured in Tetragonula
sp. honey and royal jelly Apis mellifera (Ceiba pentandra) 0.1% medium had a significant difference, with proliferation higher than 1% (p = 0,000) and 5% (p = 0,000), but did not exceed proliferation with FBS addition medium. Next, cells in DMEM medium with Tetragonula
sp. honey and Apis mellifera royal jelly (Ceiba pentandra) 0.1% on the 3rd, 6th, and 9th (p = 0,000; p = 0,000; p = 0,000) had not similar growth to the standard medium with FBS. However, the growth on the 9th day had a significant difference with the DMEM medium without FBS. High sugar in honey can inhibit fibroblast cell proliferation. The addition of other components as needed to optimize proliferation in honey and royal jelly medium. Isolation of active ingredients in honey and royal jelly can function as an alternative development of an effective and safe substitute for FBS.
Actinomycetes are filamentous, Gram-positive bacteria widely distributed in soil and can produce secondary metabolites useful as antibiotics. The synthesis of secondary metabolites of Actinomycetes is influenced by the growth conditions of each isolate, including the fermentation period. Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen causing lower respiratory tract infection. Objectives: To determined the inhibition activity of Actinomycetes with different fermentation periods against the growth of K.pneumoniae. Methods: Actinomycetes were isolated from soil in Kebun Raya Bogor and grown on Starch Casein Agar (SCA) medium before being fermented in liquid media consisting of 2% of mannitol, 2% of peptone, and 1% of glucose with an incubation time of 6,7, and 8 days. An antibacterial activity test was conducted on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) medium using the well diffusion method. Results: The activity of Actinomycetes isolates with fermentation duration of 6,7 and 8 were able to inhibit the growth of K. pneumoniae with an average inhibition zone of 4,46 mm; 4,94 mm; and 5,04 mm, respectively. Actinomycetes' inhibitory mechanism ranges from inhibition of cell wall synthesis to nucleic acid and protein synthesis. One Way ANOVA test showed significant differences between the inhibition zone produced by each fermentation group. Conclusion: Actinomycetes isolates have antibacterial activity against the growth of K. pneumoniae with the highest activity achieved by Actinomycetes with a fermentation time of 8 days.Keywords: Actinomycetes, antibacterial, fermentation, Klebsiella pneumoniae
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