In
the modern era, structural health monitoring (SHM) is critically
important and indispensable in the aerospace industry as an effective
measure to enhance the safety and consistency of aircraft structures
by deploying a reliable sensor network. The deployment of built-in
sensor networks enables uninterrupted structural integrity monitoring
of an aircraft, providing crucial information on operation condition,
deformation, and potential damage to the structure. Sustainable and
durable piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) with good flexibility,
high performance, and superior reliability are promising candidates
for powering wireless sensor networks, particularly for aerospace
SHM applications. This research demonstrates a self-powered wireless
sensing system based on a porous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based
PENG, which is prominently anticipated for developing auto-operated
sensor networks. Our reported porous PVDF film is made from a flexible
piezoelectric polymer (PVDF) and inorganic zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles.
The fabricated porous PVDF-based PENG demonstrates ∼11 times
and ∼8 times enhancement of output current and voltage, respectively,
compared to a pure PVDF-based PENG. The porous PVDF-based PENG can
produce a peak-to-peak short-circuit current of 22 μA, a peak-to-peak
open-circuit voltage of 84.5 V, a peak output power of 0.46 mW
, and a peak output power density of 41.02
μW/cm2 (P/A). By
harnessing energy from minute vibrations, the fabricated porous PVDF-based
PENG device (area of A = 11.33 cm2) can
generate sufficient electrical energy to power up a customized wireless
sensing and communication unit and transfer sensor data every ∼4
min. The PENG can generate sufficient electrical energy from an automobile
car vibration, which reflects the scenario of potential real-life
SHM systems. We anticipate that this high-performance porous PVDF-based
PENG can act as a reliable power source for the sensor networks in
aircraft, which minimizes potential safety risks.
Piezoelectric charge coefficient (d33) and piezoelectric voltage coefficient (g33) are the two most critical parameters that define output performance of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PNGs). Herein, we propose a vacancy-ordered double perovskite of TMCM2SnCl6 (where TMCM is trimethylchloromethyl ammonium) with a large d33 of 137 pC/N and g33 of 980 ×10 -3 V•m/N. The 5 Piezoelectric nanogenerators (PNGs) have been emerging as a promising power source for self-1 powered electronics owing to their direct power conversion from mechanical to electrical energy. [1][2][3][4][5] To maximize the output power of PNGs, both the d33 and g33 of the piezoelectric host are 3 important, which determines the output current (Isc=(d33×ΔF)/Δt, where ΔF is the applied force and Δt is the time) and voltage (Voc=g33×ΔP×L, where ΔP is the applied pressure and L is the original film thickness), respectively. [6][7][8][9] In the past decade, a wide range of piezoelectric materials, targeting high g33 or d33, have been synthesized for the efficient PNGs. For example, the organic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) possesses a high g33 (~286 ×10 -3 V•m/N), leading to a high output piezoelectric voltage. Unfortunately, the resultant current is limited due to its relatively-low d33 (~30 pC/N). [10][11][12][13] Conversely, inorganic perovskite oxide ceramics, including PbZrxTi1-xO3 (PZT) and BaTiO3 (BTO), exhibit a high d33 (>100 pC/N) but their g33 is rather low (~20 ×10 -3 V•m/N). [14][15][16][17][18] Considering the relation between d33 and g33 (g33=d33/(ε0×εr)), where εr is material relative 12
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