This paper assesses whether eligibility for conditional cash transfer programs has been manipulated, as well as the impact of this phenomenon on time allocation within households. To perform this analysis, we use data from the 2006 PNAD (Brazilian national household survey) and investigate the eligibility manipulation for the Bolsa Família (Family Stipend) program during this time period. The program assists families with a monthly per capita income of around R$120.00 (US$60.00). By applying the tests developed by McCrary (2008), we find suggestive evidence that individuals manipulate their income by voluntarily reducing their labor supply in order to become eligible to the program. Moreover, the reduction in labor supply is greater among women, especially single or divorced mothers. This evidence raises some concern about the unintended consequences related to the eligibility criteria utilized by Bolsa Família, as well as the program's impact on individuals living in extreme poverty.
ResumoO artigo investiga a manipulação para a elegibilidade de programa de transferência condicional de renda bem como se essa manipulação se dá através de mudanças da alocação do tempo dos membros da família. Para tanto, ele utiliza os dados da Pesquisa Por Amostragem Domiciliar 2006 (PNAD/IBGE) no Brasil e investiga a a manipulação para elegibilidade no Bolsa Família. O programa se dirige a famílias com renda per capita familiar inferior a R$120 (US$ 60.00) mensais. utilizando-se os testes desenvolvidos por McCrary (2008), se encontram evidências sugestivas que indivíduos manipulam suas rendas reduzindo voluntariamente sua oferta * de trabalho. esta redução é maior entre as mulheres solteiras e chefes de família. Estas evidências levantam algumas preocupações sobre as consequências não intencionais dos critérios de elegibilidade do Bolsa Família e dos seus impactos sobre a pobreza e bem estar das famílias.
Trust in institutions is one of the central pillars of the stability of democracies. By exploring a unique database indicative of confidence on Brazilian institutions, this study investigates the effect of concern in local crime on confidence in the police. We explore data from the Confidence in Justice Survey conducted for the period from 2013 to 2014 at the state of Sao Paulo. Our identification strategy is the two-stage least square model, with an individual’s distance to police stations as the instrumental variable. We find that an increase in the total crimes registered reduces confidence in the police. Such results are particularly more apparent in crimes like drug dealing and rape. Exploring heterogeneities in the results, we find that black people are more sensitive to crime rate changes with respect to security, even while living in similar neighborhoods as white citizens. Results also show that those who had prior experience with the police are less sensitive, independent of the quality of police work at the time.
ResumoO presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar os efeitos do uso de computadores e outras tecnologias de informação e comunicação nas escolas. Para isso, avalia-se a primeira etapa de um programa que distribuiu computadores e outros acessórios de informática e treinou professores de escolas pertencentes a municípios com baixo IDH. Estimou-se o impacto do programa sobre variáveis de desempenho dos alunos e variáveis de recursos nas escolas. Como resultado, observa-se que, a despeito do aumento significativo do acesso aos laboratórios de informática e ciência pelas escolas participantes, o impacto do programa no curto prazo tende a ser negativo sobre o desempenho dos alunos da 4ª e 8ª séries do ensino fundamental.Contudo, para alunos da 4ª série, esse resultado negativo fica menor em termos absolutos
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