Fitossociologia e diversidade de espécies arbóreas em cabruca, na região sul da BahiaActa bot. bras. 16(1): [89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101] 2002 89 RESUMO -RESUMO -RESUMO -RESUMO -RESUMO -(Fitossociologia e diversidade de espécies arbóreas em cabruca (mata atlântica raleada sobre plantação de cacau) na Região Sul da Bahia, Brasil). Na região sul da Bahia a maior parte das lavouras de cacau foi implantada sob a mata nativa raleada, em um sistema conhecido como cabruca. Em uma área de 2,6 ha de cabruca, foi realizado o levantamento fitossociológico das árvores com DAP 5 ≥ cm utilizadas no sombreamento do cacau, objetivando caracterizar a diversidade de espécies, composição e estrutura dessa comunidade. Comparações feitas com outros trabalhos em áreas de cabruca mostram que estas apresentam uma alta diversidade de espécies arbóreas e são heterogêneas em estrutura, o que é influenciado pelo histórico de implantação e manejo das áreas. P P P P Pala ala ala ala alavras-cha vras-cha vras-cha vras-cha vras-chav v v v ve -eeee -mata atlântica, cabruca, diversidade de espécies, fitossociologia ABSTRA ABSTRA ABSTRA ABSTRA ABSTRACT -CT -CT -CT -CT -(Phytosociology and diversity of tree species in a cabruca (atlantic rainforest above cocoa plantation) in south Bahia Region, Brazil). In southern Bahia most of the cocoa plantations was established under the Atlantic Rainforest after thinning, in a system called cabruca. The shading tree community with DBH ≥ 5,0 cm in 2.6 ha of cabruca was studied. A total of 138 individuals was found, belonging to 41 species and 25 families, with a basal area of 20.0 m 2 and a cylindrical volume of 471.5 m 3 . The species with highest Wisconsin index were Spondias lutea L. (9.7%), Pithecelobium polycephalum Benth. (9.4%), Inga affinis Benth. (7.0%) and Cedrela odorata L. (7.0%). Shannon diversity index was 3.35 and Brillouin diversity index was 2.96. The diameter at breast height (DBH) was in the range of 5.0 cm to 126.8 cm. The height was in the range of 4.5 m to 39.4 m, with a mean of 5.9 m. Native species (pioneer, secondary and climax species) and exotic species were found in the area. The cabrucas had high tree diversity and were heterogeneous in structure reflecting the influence of the management history of these areas.

In southern Bahia, Brazil, cabrucas are the traditional agroforests in which cacao trees are planted under thinned-out native forests. To analyze the role of cabrucas in tree species conservation, we inventoried the non-cocoa trees in 1.0 ha plots of cabruca in 16 cocoa farms and compared our results with a similar survey undertaken in the early 1960s in the same region to analyze the long term changes. We also interviewed 160 cocoa farmers to investigate their preferences for species and the main practices used in managing shade trees. The cabrucas showed high levels of tree diversity for an agroforestry system (Shannon index ranging from 2.21 to 3.52) and also high variation in structure and composition among the different farms. Forest specialist trees accounted for most species (63.9%) in the survey and were among the species most preferred by the farmers, although we found evidence that some of these trees are gradually being replaced by other species.Our results indicate that cabrucas are poor substitutes for undisturbed forests in terms of tree species richness, but their presence in human-altered landscapes is of utmost Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

The Atlantic forests of southern Bahia in Brazil present great species richness and a high degree of endemism. A large part of these native forests were transformed into cacao plantations in an agroforestry system known locally as cabrucas, where native trees were culled and cacao was planted under the shade of remaining trees. The present study analyzed the influence of time of implantation (age) and time of abandonment of management practices on tree species diversity of cabruca plantations to evaluate the capacity for conservation and recovery of species richness of native Atlantic Forest trees in cabrucas. Phytosociological surveys were conducted in five cabrucas with different conditions of age and state of abandonment. All trees, including hemiepiphytes and excluding the cacao plants, with a minimum stem diameter of 10 cm at breast height, were surveyed within a 3-ha sampling area in each plantation. A total of 2514 individual trees belonging to 293 species and 52 families were recorded in the five cabrucas. The Shannon diversity index varied from 3.31 to 4.22 among the cabrucas and was positively correlated with the time of abandonment (r = 0.97). The new cabrucas showed the highest values of estimated total richness (Chao) and the highest proportion of late successional species than the old ones. All areas preserved a very high proportion of native forest species while the three old cabrucas showed a higher proportion of exotic species than the two new ones. Thus the exotic species seem to replace more of the native species in the long run because of management practices and local preferences. The cabrucas presented also a high capacity for the regeneration of tree species richness after abandonment. Simple alterations in management practices could improve the recruitment of late successional species in these areas. Economic incentives may be necessary for the farmers to adopt management practices to retain native species which bring no economic returns.

RESUMO -(Estrutura e dinâmica do componente arbóreo em área de cabruca na região cacaueira do sul da Bahia, Brasil). As cabrucas são áreas de cultivo onde o cacau foi implantado sob a sombra da floresta nativa raleada. Na região sul da Bahia, onde as florestas são poucas e fragmentadas, as cabrucas têm sido consideradas importantes para a conservação de espécies nativas. Visando avaliar a conservação a longo prazo de espécies arbóreas nativas nas cabrucas, foi realizado um levantamento fitossociológico das árvores sombreadoras em 1,7 ha de cabruca com cerca de 25 anos de implantação e avaliada a sua dinâmica após um período de sete anos. Foram encontrados 120 indivíduos e 62 espécies, com densidade média de 70,5 ind. ha -1 , área basal média de 23,0 m 2 ha -1 e diversidade de 3,88 nats ind.-1 (Shannon). Após sete anos, houve redução de 8,4% na densidade, com taxa de mortalidade de 2,16% ano -1 e taxa de recrutamento de 0,81% ano -1 . A taxa média de incremento diamétrico foi de 0,7 ± 0,6 cm ano -1 . A maioria das árvores pertenceu a espécies de florestas maduras, mas os novos indivíduos recrutados foram quase todos de espécies pioneiras. A estimativa de riqueza total (Chao) foi de 110 espécies, com redução de 20 espécies durante o período. Os resultados confirmaram as indicações de que as cabrucas representam um importante banco de espécies arbóreas nativas, mas estão sendo rapidamente alteradas, raleadas e empobrecidas. Isso alerta para a necessidade urgente de modificar a forma de manejo dessas áreas de maneira a permitir a conservação das espécies de florestas maduras. Os altos valores de área basal e de taxa de crescimento encontrados indicam a possibilidade de uso das cabrucas para o seqüestro e estoque de carbono. Palavras-chave: Mata Atlântica, sistemas agroflorestais, cacau rústico, diversidade de espécies, conservação de espécies arbóreas, fitossociologiaABSTRACT -(Structure and dynamics of the tree community in a "cabruca" area in the cacao region of southern Bahia State, Brazil). "Cabrucas" are areas where cacao trees are planted in the shade of thinned native forest. In southern Bahia State, where the forests are few and fragmented, cabrucas are important for native species conservation. Aiming to evaluate the conservation of native tree species in cabrucas on a long term basis, a phytosociological survey of the shade trees was carried out in a 1.7-ha area of cabruca ca. 25 years after implantation, and the dynamics were assessed after a period of seven years. One hundred and twenty trees were counted and 62 species identified. Mean density was 70.5 ind. ha -1 , mean basal area was 23.0 m 2 ha -1 and diversity was 3.88 nats ind.-1 (Shannon). After seven years, there was an 8.4% reduction in density, with a mortality rate of 2.16% year -1 and a recruitment rate of 0.81% year -1 . The mean increment in diameter was 0.7 ± 0.6 cm year -1 . The trees were mainly mature forest species, but newly recruited individuals were mostly pioneer species. Total estimated richness (Chao) was 110 species, with a reduc...

Recent global commitments have placed forest and landscape restoration at the forefront of countries' efforts to recover ecosystem services, conserve biodiversity, and mitigate the effects of climate change. However, it needs to be asked if current native tree seedling supply meets an increase in demand for forest restoration? This study assessed the current configuration, distribution, and production capacity of forest nurseries producing native trees in Brazil. Brazil provides an interesting example of how global agreements aligned with national policies can lead to the proliferation of native seedling nurseries, and the challenges faced to restore species‐rich native forest ecosystems. We found that the nurseries in the Atlantic Forest region can still meet an increase in demand—both in terms of seedling quantity and diversity—because most of their production capacity is not currently used. However, not all Brazilian biomes have sufficient nurseries to meet restoration demands, thus there is a risk of using native species from a few biogeographical regions in a much spatially wider and ecologically diverse area. In addition, lack of seed supply and qualified labor can hamper the growth of the market. Barriers to seed supply may also lead to low levels of genetic variability and floristic representation in the populations and ecosystems to be restored. We conclude that restoration of high‐diversity forest ecosystems requires policies and supportive programs, with emphasis on private nurseries, to guarantee adequate supply of native tree seedlings and provide the necessary incentives to develop the emergent economy of forest restoration.

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Resumo Este artigo analisou o Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) como ferramenta para mitigar os impactos econômicos e sociais da COVID-19 no Brasil. Para isso, foram realizadas projeções de investimentos e analisadas as condições de operacionalização do programa no momento atual. Foi adotada uma metodologia quanti-quali de análise. Na abordagem quantitativa, foram construídos cenários com projeções de investimentos na política pública; na qualitativa, realizaram-se entrevistas não estruturadas com atores-chave na execução do programa. Os resultados revelaram que o aumento de recursos investidos no programa em um cenário otimizado pode proporcionar ampla capilarização dos benefícios. Identificou-se que o PAA é estratégico para o enfrentamento aos efeitos negativos da COVID-19 porque escoa os produtos da agricultura familiar, o que promove estruturação de cadeias produtivas, acesso a novos mercados e indução ao dinamismo econômico, além de atuar no combate à fome e à miséria de famílias que vivem em situação de vulnerabilidade. O programa não só apresenta condições de operacionalização durante a pandemia da COVID-19, como tem se adaptado à realidade atual, seguindo protocolos estabelecidos pelas autoridades de saúde. Concluiu-se que o PAA pode minimizar as crises sanitária e econômica, principalmente para a população mais vulnerável, apresentando ações que vão ao encontro das demandas da sociedade civil organizada e de recomendações de organismos nacionais e internacionais especializados, visando à redução dos impactos econômicos e sociais da pandemia causada pelo novo coronavírus.

Cocoa agroforests like the cabrucas of Brazil's Atlantic forest are among the agro-ecosystems with greatest potential for biodiversity conservation. Despite a global trend for their intensification, cocoa agroforests are also being abandoned for socioeconomic reasons especially on marginal sites, because they are incorporated in public or private protected areas, or are part of mandatory set-asides under Brazilian environmental legislation. However, little is known about phylogenetic structure, the processes of forest regeneration after abandonment and the conservation value of former cabruca sites. Here we compare the vegetation structure and composition of a former cabruca 30-40 years after abandonment with a managed cabruca and mature forest in the Atlantic forest region of Espirito Santo, Brazil. The forest in the abandoned cabruca had recovered a substantial part of its original structure. Abandoned cabruca have a higher density (mean ± CI95 %: 525.0 ± 40.3 stems per ha), basal area (34.0 ± 6.5 m per ha) and species richness (148 ± 11.5 species) than managed cabruca (96.0 ± 17.7; 24.15 ± 3.9 and 114.5 ± 16.0, respectively) but no significant differences to mature forest in density (581.0 ± 42.2), basal area (29.9.0 ± 3.3) and species richness (162.6 ± 15.5 species). Thinning (understory removal) changes phylogenetic structure from evenness in mature forest to clustering in managed cabruca, but after 30-40 years abandoned cabruca had a random phylogenetic structure, probably due to a balance between biotic and abiotic filters at this age. We conclude that abandoned cocoa agroforests present highly favorable conditions for the regeneration of Atlantic forest and could contribute to the formation of an interconnected network of forest habitat in this biodiversity hotspot.