With endangered status and more than 8,000 endemic species, the Atlantic Forest is one of the world's 25 biodiversity hotspots. Less than 100,000 km 2 (about 7%) of the forest remains. In some areas of endemism, all that is left are immense archipelagos of tiny and widely separated forest fragments. In addition to habitat loss, other threats contributing to forest degradation include the harvesting of firewood, illegal logging, hunting, plant collecting, and invasion by alien species-all despite the legislation that exists for the forest's protection. More than 530 plants and animals occurring in the forest are now officially threatened, some at the biome level, some throughout Brazil, and some globally. Many species have not been recorded in any protected areas, indicating the need to rationalize and expand the parks system. Although conservation initiatives have increased in number and scale during the last two decades, they are still insufficient to guarantee the conservation of Atlantic Forest biodiversity. To avoid further deforestation and massive species loss in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, the challenge is to integrate the diverse regulations, public policies, new opportunities, and incentive mechanisms for forest protection and restoration and the various independent projects and programs carried out by governments and nongovernmental organizations into a single and comprehensive strategy for establishing networks of sustainable landscapes throughout the region. Retos y Oportunidades para la Conservación de Biodiversidad en el Bosque Atlántico BrasileñoResumen: En peligro y con más de 8,000 especies endémicas, el Bosque Atlántico es uno de los 25 sitios de importancia para la conservación de biodiversidad en el mundo. Actualmente quedan menos de 100,000 km 2 (cerca de 7%) de bosque. En algunasáreas de endemismo, loúnico que queda son inmensos archipiélagos de fragmentos de bosque pequeños y muy aislados. Adicionalmente a la pérdida de hábitat, otras amenazas que contribuyen a la degradación del bosque incluyen -a pesar de la legislación existente para la protección del bosque -la recolección de leña, la tala ilegal, la cacería, la recolección de plantas y la invasión de especies exóticas. Más de 530 especies de plantas y animales ahí presentes están amenazadas oficialmente, algunas a nivel de bioma, algunas en Brasil y algunas globalmente. Muchas especies no han sido registradas en ningúń area protegida, lo que indica la necesidad de racionalizar y expandir el sistema de parques. Aunque las iniciativas de conservación han aumentado en número y escala durante las dosúltimas décadas, aun son insuficientes para garantizar la conservación de la biodiversidad del Bosque Atlántico Brasileño. El reto, para evitar mayor deforestación y pérdida masiva de especies en el Bosque Atlántico Brasileño, es integrar a las diversas regulaciones, políticas públicas, nuevas oportunidades y mecanismos para incentivar la protección y restauración del bosque y los diversos proyectos y programas independientes llevados a cabo...

Addressing the global challenges of climate change, food security, and poverty alleviation requires enhancing the adaptive capacity and mitigation potential of agricultural landscapes across the tropics. However, adaptation and mitigation activities tend to be approached separately due to a variety of technical, political, financial, and socioeconomic constraints. Here, we demonstrate that many tropical agricultural systems can provide both mitigation and adaptation benefits if they are designed and managed appropriately and if the larger landscape context is considered. Many of the activities needed for adaptation and mitigation in tropical agricultural landscapes are the same needed for sustainable agriculture more generally, but thinking at the landscape scale opens a new dimension for achieving synergies. Intentional integration of adaptation and mitigation activities in agricultural landscapes offers significant benefits that go beyond the scope of climate change to food security, biodiversity conservation, and poverty alleviation. However, achieving these objectives will require transformative changes in current policies, institutional arrangements, and funding mechanisms to foster broad-scale adoption of climate-smart approaches in agricultural landscapes.

In southern Bahia, Brazil, large land areas are used for the production of cocoa (Theobroma cacao), which is predominantly grown under the shade of native trees in an agroforestry system locally known as cabruca. As a dominant forest-like landscape element of the cocoa region, the cabrucas play an important role in the conservation of the region's biodiversity. The purpose of this review is to provide the scientific basis for an action plan to reconcile cocoa production and biodiversity conservation in southern Bahia. The available research collectively highlights the diversity of responses of different species and biological groups to both the habitat quality of the cabrucas themselves and to the general characteristics of the landscape, such as the relative extent and spatial configuration of different vegetation types within the landscape mosaic. We identify factors that influence directly or indirectly the occurrence of native species in the cabrucas and the wider landscape of the cocoa region and develop recommendations for their conservation management. We show that the current scientific knowledge already provides a good basis for a biodiversity friendly management of the cocoa region of southern Bahia, although more work is needed to refine some management recommendations, especially on shade canopy composition and density, and verify their economic viability. The implementation of our recommendations should be accompanied by appropriate biological and socioeconomic monitoring and the findings should inform a broad program of adaptive management of the cabrucas and the wider cocoa landscape.

A recent debate has contrasted two conservation strategies in agricultural landscapes; either ''land sparing'' farm development combining intensive production practices with forest set-asides, or ''wildlife-friendly'' farming with greater on-farm habitat value but lower yields. We argue that in established mosaic landscapes including old cacao production regions where natural forest has already been reduced to relatively small fragments, a combination of both strategies is needed to conserve biodiversity. After reviewing the evidence for the insufficiency of either strategy alone if applied to such landscapes, the paper focuses on the cacao production landscape of southern Bahia, Brazil, once the world's second largest cacao producer. Here, small remaining areas of Atlantic Forest are embedded in a matrix dominated by traditional cacao agroforests, resulting in a landscape mosaic that has proven favorable to the conservation of the region's high biodiversity. We show that current land use dynamics and public policies pose threats but also offer opportunities to conservation and describe a three-pronged landscape conservation strategy, consisting of (i) expansion of the protected areas system, (ii) promotion of productive yet biodiversity-friendly cacao farming practices, and (iii) assistance to land users to implement legally mandated on-farm reserves and voluntary private reserves. We discuss recent experiences concerning the implementation of this strategy, discuss likely future scenarios, and reflect on the applicability of the Bahian experience to biodiversity rich cacao production regions elsewhere in the tropics.

ABSTRACT. Galling insects associated with two species of ruderal plants in urban and peri urban areas. Insects have been considered as important bioindicators of environmental changes and habitat quality. In spite of its sessile habit, easy localization, abundance and host specificity, insects that induce galls have not been utilized in studies of this nature. It was investigated the suitability of gall-inducing insects associated to two ruderal host plant species (Baccharis dracunculifolia and Vernonia polyanthes: Asteraceae) as bioindicators of habitat quality. The following questions were addressed: (i) is gall-inducing insect diversity influenced by different types of land use?; (ii) are the responses of galling insect communities different between host plants?; (iii) how does the biotic and physical features of the biotope influence the gall-inducing insect diversity? It was found 6,226 galls, belonging to six galling insect species on V. polyanthes and 11 galling species on B. dracunculifolia. No difference was found in galling species richness among land use types. Nevertheless, gall-forming insect abundance was statistically different among the biotopes studied. Insect galls were more numerous in biotopes with lower urbanization levels. Gall abundance showed a strong and positive relationship with the percentage of vegetal cover. Gall-forming insect communities on both host species showed differential responses to the different land use types. The results suggest that three factors may be involved with galling insect diversity in urban areas: (i) habitat structure in the biotope; (ii) resource abundance (host plant abundance and distribution); and (iii) frequency and intensity of management in reserves, parks, city squares, wastelands found at a given urban area.KEYWORDS. Bioindicator species; biotopes; host plants; insect galls; urban-rural gradient. RESUMO.Insetos galhadores associados a duas espécies de plantas invasoras de áreas urbanas e peri-urbanas. Os insetos têm sido considerados importantes indicadores de mudanças ambientais e da qualidade de habitats. Apesar de seu hábito séssil, fácil visualização, abundância, e especificidade de hospedeiro, insetos indutores de galhas não têm sido utilizados em estudos desta natureza. Neste estudo foi investigado o uso potencial de insetos galhadores associados a duas espécies de plantas hospedeiras ruderais (Baccharis dracunculifolia e Vernonia polyanthes: Asteraceae) como bioindicadores da qualidade de habitats. Procurou-se responder às seguintes questões: (i) A diversidade de insetos galhadores é afetada pelo tipo de uso e ocupação da paisagem (solo)?; (ii) A resposta das comunidades de insetos galhadores difere entre as duas espécies de plantas hospedeiras?; (iii) A diversidade de insetos galhadores é influenciada por características bióticas e físicas dos biótopo urbanos? Foram coletadas 6.226 galhas, pertinentes a 6 espécies de insetos galhadores associados à V. polyanthes e 11 espécies associadas à B. dracunculifolia. Não foi encontrada nenhuma difere...

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An attempt was made to determine more accurately the density of molluskan populations in the Pampulha reservoir, using the quadrate method, intending to detect the fluctuation of the populations density, the habitat conditions and the possible competitive interactions among Biomphalaria tenagophila, Melanoides tuberculata, Pomacea haustrum and Biomphalaria glabrata, through the analysis of populational parameters. Among the most significative facts observed in the reservoir it has to be mentioned: the almost disappearance of B. glabrata; the invasion, colonization, fixation and fast growing of M. tuberculata population until reaching about 11,000 individuals/m2; the density fluctuations of B. tenagophila, P. haustrum and M. tuberculata alives and deads; differences on the habitat preference of these three molluskan species at the edge (at the limit earth-water, at 0.70m and 1.40m from the shore line); monthly mortality rates and reproduction seasons of the species.

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