RESUMO - PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES ASSOCIATED WITH FRUIT CROPS IN THE NORTHWEST OF PARANÁ, BRAZILABSTRACT -A survey was carried out in order to study the occurrence of plant parasitic nematodes in fruit crops in the Northwest of Paraná, from December 2007 to February 2009. A hundred and twenty four soil and roots samples were collected from 19 species of fruit crops in 15 different municipalities. Nematodes were extracted from the samples and identified under an optical microscope. Nine genera of plant parasitic nematodes were found. In citrus, the most abundant species was Tylenchulus semipenetrans, but it was also recovered Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Xiphinema, Trichodorus, Mesocriconema and Dolichodorus. In the other fruit crops, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus and Hemicycliophora were recovered. Pratylenchus brachyurus was the most abundant in pineapple crops, Meloidogyne incognita in fig and persimmon, and Helicotylenchus dihystera and H. multicinctus in banana. The main plant parasitic nematode genera were found in approximately 50% of the samples collected, which may represent a possible threat to regional fruit production if not managed adequately.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of elicitor, acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), in inducing resistance to Meloidogyne javanica in soybean and in enhancing plant development. Plantlets of the soybean susceptible cultivar BRSMT-Pintado and the resistant cultivar MG/BR 46 Conquista were treated with ASM (0.5 g/L) at three different times: seven days before, one day before and seven days after inoculation with 2000 eggs/plant. Untreated inoculated plants and untreated non-inoculated plants were used as controls. Sixty days after inoculation, the number of galls, eggs/g root and vegetative parameters (height, aerial part fresh and dry mass and root fresh mass) were evaluated. The experiments were conducted over two different periods (Experiments 1 and 2). Only in Experiment 2 treatment "seven days before inoculation" reduced the number of eggs/g root, irrespective of the cultivar evaluated, but the number of galls was not affected. Stronger plant development was observed in the susceptible soybean cultivar treated seven days before inoculation in Experiment 2.
SummaryThere is a demand for novel products for the control of plant-parasitic nematodes, so we characterised the effectiveness of some plant essential oils against Meloidogyne incognita and verified the efficiency of the major component from the most toxic oils and their analogues using in vitro and in vivo assays. In this study, the essential oils from Piptadenia viridiflora, Hyptis suaveolens and Astronium graveolens against M. incognita were evaluated, but only P. viridiflora oil showed toxicity toward M. incognita. Benzaldehyde was its main component according to GC-MS analysis. In in vitro assays, benzaldehyde (100 and 200 μg ml−1) and its oxime (400 μg ml−1) caused a higher rate of M. incognita second-stage juvenile (J2) mortality than the nematicide carbofuran (170 μg ml−1). Reductions of more than 90% in the number of galls and eggs, even greater than that observed with carbofuran, were observed in the assay where the J2 were placed in solutions of benzaldehyde and its oxime 48 h prior to tomato plant inoculation. Application of benzaldehyde together with M. incognita J2 to the substrate resulted only in a reduction in the number of eggs (42-65%); however, its oxime reduced both the number of galls (43-84%) and eggs (23-89%). Therefore, the P. viridiflora oil, its major component benzaldehyde, and the analogue benzaldehyde oxime are toxic to M. incognita. In two different in vivo assays, benzaldehyde oxime was confirmed as toxic to M. incognita with a greater efficacy than benzaldehyde.
O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de silicato de cálcio e magnésio sobre a reprodução de Meloidogyne javanica e sobre o desenvolvimento de mudas de bananeira Prata-Anã em solo arenoso. O ensaio foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em blocos (quatro) ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5x2, correspondendo a cinco doses de silicato de cálcio e magnésio (0; 0,64; 1,28; 1,92 ou 2,56 g/dm³ de solo) e duas fontes de variação de M. javanica (presença e ausência). As parcelas constaram de três vasos com uma muda de bananeira cada. Nas doses de 1,28 e 2,56 g de silicato de cálcio e magnésio/dm³ de solo, o número de ovos e o fator de reprodução (FR=população final/população inicial) de M. javanica foram significativamente menores em relação ao tratamento-testemunha. Porém estas doses de silicato não afetaram o número de galhas e massa de ovos/raiz e número de juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) de M. javanica/100 cm³ de solo. Na ausência do nematoide, a dose estimada de 1,61 g de silicato de cálcio e magnésio/dm³ proporcionou maior peso de matéria seca do rizoma, porém não afetou a altura de planta, o diâmetro do pseudocaule, o número de folhas e o peso da matéria seca das folhas e da raiz. Maior desenvolvimento das plantas foi obtido naquelas não inoculadas com M. javanica. Conclui-se que as mudas tiveram seu desenvolvimento vegetativo afetado pela presença de M. javanica e, dependendo da dose do silicato aplicada ao solo, a reprodução do nematoide pode ser afetada, bem como pode proporcionar incremento na matéria seca do rizoma.
RESUMO-O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a reação de genótipos de maracujazeiro a Meloidogyne spp.. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em DBC, com seis repetições, em esquema fatorial 9x2 (Passiflora giberti, P. nitida, P. setacea, P. mucronata, P. cincinnata, P. ligularis, P.alata REACTION OF PASSION FRUIT GENOTYPES TO Meloidogyne incognita race 3 AND Meloidogyne javanicaABSTRACT -The aim of this study was to evaluate the reaction of genotypes of passion fruit to Meloidogyne spp.. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in RBD with six replications in 9 x 2 factorial designs (Passiflora giberti, P. nitida, P. setacea, P. mucronata, P. cincinnata, P. ligularis, P. alata, BRS Sol do Cerrado cultivar and selection M19-UFV x Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita race 3). According to Oostenbrink criteria, and Moura and Régis, the BRS Sol do Cerrado, and selection M-19-UFV and P. alata behaved as immune to M. incognita. In addition to these, P. cincinnata and P. setacea were immune to M. javanica. Passiflora cincinnata and P.giberti behaved as resistant to M. incognita and M. javanica, respectively. According to Taylor and Sasser, the genotypes classified as immune by the other criteria were classified as resistant to nematodes. All the nematological variables evaluated in P. giberti, P. ligularis, P. mucronata and P. nitida were superior in plants infected by M. incognita. Regardless of the nematode, P mucronata presented larger number of root galls, egg masses, eggs, J2 and RF, as compared to the other genotypes. The root fresh matter weight of P. ligularis and P. mucronata was smaller in the presence of M. incognita as compared to M. javanica.
Durante a extração do mesocarpo interno do pequi que corresponde à parte comestível e possui valor comercial, são descartados no ambiente o exocarpo e o mesocarpo externo. Objetivou-se neste trabalho investigar o uso do extrato aquoso e do pó moído dos resíduos de pequi no controle do nematóide das galhas (Meloidogyne javanica). Do exocarpo e do mesocarpo externo foram obtidos extrato aquoso e o pó moído. Cinco doses do extrato aquoso (0,0; 2,5; 5; 10 ou 20%) foram avaliadas quanto ao efeito na eclosão e mortalidade de juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) do nematóide das galhas in vitro. Os ensaios foram montados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 10 repetições por tratamento. O teste de eclosão foi feito em câmaras de eclosão às quais foram adicionados 800 ovos do nematoide e 10 mL das diferentes doses do extrato. Durante 14 dias contou-se o número de J2 eclodidos com auxílio do microscópio ótico. O ensaio de mortalidade de J2 do nematóide das galhas foi avaliado colocando-se 100 μL de cada dose do extrato em cada célula da placa Elisa e 20 μL contendo 20 J2. Após 24 h contou-se o número de nematoides vivos e mortos. O pó de pequi moído foi testado em tomateiro em casa de vegetação em quatro doses (0; 7,5; 15 ou 30 g/4 kg de solo) em delineamento em blocos ao acaso com 10 repetições por tratamento. O pó de pequi foi incorporado sete dias antes do plantio do tomateiro e a inoculação de ovos do nematoide foi feita após o plantio. Após 40 dias foram avaliados: o número de galhas, massas de ovos, ovos por raiz e J2/200 cm³ de solo e altura e peso de massa seca de parte aérea do tomateiro. O extrato aquoso reduziu significativamente a eclosão e aumentou a mortalidade de J2 do nematóide das galhas. O aumento das doses do pó reduziu o número de galhas, massas de ovos e ovos do nematóide das galhas por sistema radicular, bem como o peso da massa seca de parte aérea e da altura do tomateiro os quais são indicativos de fitotoxicidade.
Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are among the most important parasites of the lettuce crop. Managing these organisms is difficult due to limitations in genetic (use of resistant cultivars) and chemical control. Thus, new practices should be sought to reduce their reproduction. The present study aimed to evaluate the application of organic amendments in the control of Meloidogyne incognita in lettuce. At first, tomato plants were inoculated to establish an initial population in the soil. After 60 days, the aerial part was discarded, and the lettuce seedlings were transplanted into pots. Two days after transplanting, the treatments bokashi, crambe cake, whey protein, cottonseed composted and shredded wood chip composted were applied at 20 g or 20 mL per pot. Water was applied as control treatment. After 70 days, bokashi and crambe meal reduced the number of eggs/g of root and promoted plant growth. Results obtained with whey protein, cottonseed meal and composted shredded wood chip did not differ from those obtained with the control treatment. Bokashi and crambe cake are effective in the M. incognita control under controlled conditions.
A ferrugem da videira causada por Phakopsora euvitis Ono constitui-se numa ameaça às regiões produtoras de uva em função do potencial destrutivo da planta. A doença foi detectada no Brasil, pela primeira vez, em 2001. Atualmente, ela ocorre no Paraná, Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso, Roraima, Espírito Santo e Santa Catarina. Em abril de 2010, observaram-se na estação experimental da Unimontes, Janaúba, Minas Gerais, plantas da cv. Niágara rosada com sintomas típicos da doença. A análise dos sintomas e a caracterização dos urediniósporos sésseis, levemente equinulados, com formato oval, ou elipsoide formado em urédias subepidérmicas na origem, inrompentes e com paráfises circundantes dorsalmente, levaram à diagnose de Phakopsora euvitis como o agente causal da doença. Este é o primeiro relato da doença no Estado de Minas Gerais.
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